Aga Khan III

Sir Sultan Muhammad ShahTemplate:Efn (2 November 1877Template:Snd11 July 1957), known as Aga Khan III,Template:Efn was the 48th imam of the Nizari Ism'aili branch of Shia Islam. He is considered one of the founding fathers of Pakistan, and also served as the first permanent president of the All-India Muslim League (AIML).

Shah sought the advancement of Muslims and the protection of Muslim rights in British India. The League, until the late 1930s, was not a large organization but represented landed and commercial Muslim interests as well as advocating for British education during the British Raj.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Shah advocated for the recognition of Muslims in India as a distinct political and cultural community, a position that would later align with the principles underlying the two-nation theory. Even after he resigned as president of the AIML in 1912, he still exerted a major influence on its policies and agendas. He was nominated to represent India at the League of Nations in 1932 and served as President of the 18th Assembly of The League of Nations (1937–1938).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Early life

He was born in Karachi, Sindh (now in Pakistan), in British India in 1877 to Aga Khan II (who had emigrated from Persia) and his third wife,<ref name="Daftary-Ismailis">Template:Cite book</ref> Nawab A'lia Shamsul-Muluk, a granddaughter of Fath Ali Shah of Persia. After attending Eton College, he studied at the University of Cambridge.<ref>"Aga Khan, Fashionable Londoner, Holds Enormous Power in Islam", The New York Times,8 July 1923, p. XX5.</ref>

Career

In 1885, at the age of seven, he succeeded his father as Imam of the Shi'a Isma'ili Muslims.<ref name=Britannica /><ref name=findpk />

File:Aqa Khan in Chicago.jpg

Shah in Chicago, 1907.

The title of the Knight Commander of the Indian Empire (KCIE) was conferred upon him by Queen Victoria in 1897, and he was promoted to Knight Grand Commander (GCIE) in the 1902 Coronation Honours list<ref>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref><ref name="LG27448" /> and invested as such by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on October 24, 1902.<ref>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref> He was made a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) by George V (1912) and appointed a GCMG in 1923. He received recognition for his public services from the German Emperor, the Sultan of Turkey, the Shah of Persia, and other potentates.Template:Sfn

In 1906, Shah was a founding member and first president of the All India Muslim League, a political party that pushed for the creation of an independent Muslim nation in the north-west regions of India, then under British colonial rule, and later established the country of Pakistan in 1947.

During the three Round Table Conferences (India) in London from 1930 to 1932, he played an important role in bringing about Indian constitutional reforms.<ref name=Britannica /> In 1934, he was made a member of the Privy Council.

Titular leader of the Ismaili Muslims

The first half of the 20th century was a period of significant development for the Ismā'īlī community. Numerous institutions for social and economic development were established in the Indian subcontinent and in East Africa.<ref name="DaftaryShort1998p199">Template:Cite book</ref>

In India and later Pakistan, social development institutions such as the Diamond Jubilee Trust and Platinum Jubilee Investments Limited were established to support cooperative societies. The Diamond Jubilee High School for Girls was founded in the northern areas of present-day Pakistan, and scholarship programs initiated during the Golden Jubilee were expanded to assist students in need. In East Africa, social and economic development institutions were created, including schools, community centres, and a hospital in Nairobi. Economic initiatives included the Diamond Jubilee Investment Trust (now Diamond Trust of Kenya) and the Jubilee Insurance Company, both listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange and active in national development.

Shah implemented a series of organisational reforms intended to enable Ismāʿīlī communities to administer their own communal affairs through formal structures and regulations.<ref name="DaftaryShort1998p199" /> These were built on the Muslim tradition of a communitarian ethic on the one hand and a responsible individual conscience with the freedom to negotiate one's own moral commitment and destiny on the other. In 1905, he created the first Ismā'īlī Constitution for the social governance of the community in East Africa. The new administration for the community's affairs was organised into a hierarchy of councils at the local, national, and regional levels. The constitution also set out rules in such matters as marriage, divorce, and inheritance, guidelines for mutual cooperation and support among Ismā'īlīs, and their interface with other communities. Similar constitutions were promulgated in India, and all were periodically revised to address emerging needs and circumstances in diverse settings.<ref name="DaftaryShort1998p199" />

In 1905, Shah was involved in the Haji Bibi case, where he was questioned about the origin of his followers. In his rejoinder, in addition to enumerating Ismāʿīlīs in Iran, Russia, Afghanistan, Central Asia, Syria and other places, he claimed that “In Hindustan and Africa there are many Guptis who believe in me… I consider them Shi’i Imami Ismailis; by caste they are Hindus”.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Religious and social views

Template:Aligarh Movement Shah was deeply influenced by the views of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Sir Khan was the founder of what would eventually become the Aligarh Muslim University. Shah later became a supporter of the institution, contributing funds and advocating for its role in Muslim education.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Shah himself can be considered an Islamic modernist and an intellectual of the Aligarh movement.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>

From a religious perspective, Shah followed a modernist approach to Islam.<ref name=":2" /> He believed there to be no contradiction between religion and modernity, and supported Muslims in their endeavour to embrace modernity.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Although he opposed a wholesale replication of Western society by Muslims, Shah did believe increased contact with the West would be overall beneficial to Muslim society.<ref name=":3" /> He was intellectually receptive to Western philosophy and ideas, and believed engagement with them could lead to a revival and renaissance within Islamic thought.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref>

Like several other Islamic modernists of his time, Shah was critical of the traditional religious establishment (the Ulamā), particularly their emphasis on formalism, legalism, and literal interpretations of scripture.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> Instead, he advocated for renewed ijtihād (independent reasoning) and ijmāʿ (consensus), the latter of which he understood in a modernist way to mean consensus-building.<ref name=":4" /> According to him, Muslims should go back to the original sources, especially the Qurʾān, in order to discover the true essence and spirit of Islam.<ref name=":4">Aga Khan III 1998, p. 1183</ref> Once the principles of the faith were discovered, they would be seen to be universal and modern.<ref>Aga Khan III 1998, pp. 1345–1346</ref> Islam, in his view, had an underlying liberal and democratic spirit.<ref>Aga Khan III 1998, p. 211</ref> He also called for full civil and religious liberties,<ref>Aga Khan III 1998, p. 876</ref> peace and disarmament, and an end to all wars.<ref>Aga Khan III 1998, p. 1415</ref>

Shah opposed sectarianism, which he believed sapped the strength and unity of the Muslim community.<ref>Aga Khan III 1998, pp. 210, 803</ref> In specific, he called for a rapprochement between Sunnism and Shīʿism.<ref>Aga Khan III 1998, p. 1184</ref> This view did not imply a belief that religious distinctions would disappear; he continued to emphasize the importance of doctrinal commitment, instructing his Ismāʿīlī followers to remain dedicated to their own teachings.<ref name=":5">Aga Khan III 1998, p. 1407</ref> However, he believed in unity through accepting diversity, and by respecting differences of opinion.<ref name=":5" /><ref>Aga Khan III 1998, pp. 842 & 1063</ref> On his view, there was strength to be found in the diversity of Muslim traditions.<ref>Rattansi 1981, p. 207</ref>

He called for social reform in Muslim society, and he was able to implement them within his own Ismāʿīlī community.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Shah argued that Islamic principles supported social justice and the alleviation of poverty, and he advocated for efforts aimed at reducing economic inequality.<ref>Aga Khan III 1998, p. 216</ref> Like Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Shah was concerned that Muslims had fallen behind the Hindu community in terms of education.<ref>Aga Khan III 1998, p. 235</ref> He was an advocate for compulsory and universal primary education,<ref>Aga Khan III 1998, p. 217</ref> and also for the creation of higher institutions of learning.<ref>Aga Khan III 1998, pp. 212-213</ref>

In terms of women's rights, Shah was more progressive in his views than Sir Sayyid and many other Islamic modernists of his time.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Shah advocated for women's rights not solely on the basis of their roles as mothers or wives, but as a matter of individual empowerment and social equity.<ref>Khoja-Moolji 2018, p. 31</ref> He endorsed the spiritual equality of men and women in Islam, and he also called for full political equality.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> This included the right to vote<ref name=":0" /><ref>Aga Khan III 1998, pp. 593 & 645</ref> and the right to an education.<ref name="Aga Khan III 1998, p. 586">Aga Khan III 1998, p. 586</ref> In regards to the latter issue, he endorsed compulsory primary education for girls.<ref>Aga Khan III 1998, p. 1117</ref> He also encouraged women to pursue higher university-level education,<ref name="Aga Khan III 1998, p. 586" /> and saw nothing wrong with co-educational institutions.<ref>Aga Khan III 1998, p. 587</ref> Whereas Sir Sayyid prioritized the education of boys over girls, Shah instructed his followers that if they had a son and daughter, and if they could only afford to send one of them to school, they should send the daughter over the boy.<ref>Aga Khan III 1998, p. 1211–1212</ref>

Shah campaigned against the institution of purda and zenāna, which he felt were oppressive and un-Islamic institutions.<ref name=":1" /> He completely banned the purda and the face veil for his Ismāʿīlī followers.<ref>Khoja-Moolji 2018, p. 32</ref> Shah also restricted polygamy in his community, encouraged marriage to widows, and banned child marriage.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> He also made marriage and divorce laws more equitable to women.<ref name=":1" />

Today, the Ismāʿīlī community maintains a network of institutions focused on education, healthcare, and economic development, many of which were established during or after the tenure of Shah.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Racehorse ownership and equestrianism

File:L'Aga Khan et son cheval Blenheim monté par Wragg, gagnant du Derby d'Epsom (le 4 juin 1930) (CN) - (photographie de presse) - Agence Rol ; (d'après la photographie originale de l'agence photographique Central News).jpg

Shah and his horse Blenheim, ridden by Wragg, winner of the Epsom Derby (June 4, 1930)

He was an owner of Thoroughbred racing horses, including a record equaling five winners of The Derby (Blenheim, Bahram, Mahmoud, My Love, Tulyar) and a total of sixteen winners of British Classic Races. Shah was a British flat racing Champion Owner thirteen times. According to Ben Pimlott, biographer of Queen Elizabeth II, Shah presented the British monarch with a filly called Astrakhan, who won at Hurst Park Racecourse in 1950.

In 1926, Shah gave a cup (the Aga Khan Trophy) to be awarded to the winners of an international team show jumping competition held at the annual horse show of the Royal Dublin Society in Dublin, Ireland, every first week in August.<ref>The Aga Khan Trophy, Dublin Horse Show, accessed 9 July 2007</ref> It attracts competitors from all of the main show jumping nations and is carried live on Irish national television.

Marriages and children

File:Aga Khan and Begum Yvette.jpg

Shah and Yvonne, 1954.

• He married, on November 2, 1896, in Pune, India, Shahzadi Begum, his first cousin and a granddaughter of Aga Khan I.
• He married in 1908,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Cleope Teresa Magliano (1888–1926). They had two sons: Giuseppe Mahdi Khan (d. February 1911) and Aly Khan (1911–1960). She died in 1926, following an operation on December 1, 1926.<ref>"Aga Khan's Wife Dies As He Buys Big Gem", The New York Times, 2 December 1926, p. 2</ref>
• He married, on 7 December 1929 (civil), in Aix-les-Bains, France, and 13 December 1929 (religious), in Bombay, India, Andrée Joséphine Carron (1898–1976). A co-owner of a dressmaking shop in Paris, she became known as Andrée Aga Khan. By this marriage, he had one son, Sadruddin Aga Khan (1933–2003).<ref>"Aga Khan Again a Father", The New York Times, 18 January 1933, p. 9.</ref> The couple divorced in 1943.<ref>"Princess Andrée", The New York Times, 30 December 1976, p. 19.</ref>
• He married, on October 9, 1944, in Geneva, Switzerland, Om Habibeh Aga Khan (Yvonne Blanche Labrousse) (15 February 1906Template:Snd1 July 2000).

Publications

He authored several books and papers, including India in Transition (1918), which broached the subject of the political conditions in pre-Partition India, and his autobiography, The Memoirs of Aga Khan: World Enough and Time (1954). In his book India in Transition, Shah proposed the idea of a South Asiatic Federation<ref>The Aga Khan; India in Transition, Bombay,1918, pp.45-46.</ref> in which India would be reorganized into autonomous states within a federal framework. His proposal was among the early detailed plans advocating federalism in colonial India.

File:Assuan 9785.JPG

Shah's mausoleum in Aswan, Egypt.

File:Assuan 9932.JPG

Mausoleum of Shah on the Nile.

Death and succession

Shah was succeeded by his grandson, Karim al-Husseini, who became the 49th Imam of the Nizari Ismaili Muslims and assumed the title Aga Khan IV. At the time of his death on 11 July 1957, he was surrounded by his family members in Versoix. His last words were repeating the verses of the Quran.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On July 12, a solicitor brought Shah's will from London to Geneva and read it before the family.

He was initially buried in Versoix, Switzerland before being exhumed and reburied in the Mausoleum of Aga Khan, on the Nile in Aswan, Egypt (at Template:Coord) on 20 February 1959.<ref name=":agagrave1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":agagrave2">Template:Cite news</ref>

Legacy

Pakistan Post issued a special "Birth Centenary of Agha Khan III" postage stamp in his honor in 1977.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Pakistan Post again issued a postage stamp in his honor in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1990.<ref name="findpk">Template:Cite web</ref>

Honours

• 21 May 1898 Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire, KCIE<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
• 1901 First Class of the Royal Prussian Order of the Crown – in recognition of the valuable services rendered by His Highness to the Imperial German Government in the settlement of various matters with the Mohammedan population of German East Africa<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
• 26 June 1902 Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire, GCIE<ref name=LG27448>Template:London Gazette</ref>
• 12 December 1911 Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India, GCSI<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
• 30 May 1923 Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, GCVO – on the occasion of the King's birthday<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
• 1 January 1934 Appointed a member of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council by King George V<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
• 1 January 1955 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George, GCMG –<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

Sources

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• Template:Cite EB1922
• Daftary, F., The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
• Khoja-Moolji, Shenila. “Redefining Muslim women: Aga Khan III’s reforms for women’s education.” South Asia Graduate Research Journal 20, no. 1, 2011, 69-94.
• Khoja-Moolji, Shenila. Forging the Ideal Educated Girl. The Production of Desirable Subjects in Muslim South Asia. Oakland: University of California Press, 2018.
• Naoroji M. Dumasia, A Brief History of the Aga Khan (1903).
• Aga Khan [III], The Memoirs of Aga Khan: World Enough and Time, London: Cassel & Company, 1954; published the same year in the United States by Simon & Schuster, with a foreword by William Somerset Maugham
• Edwards, Anne (1996). Throne of Gold: The Lives of the Aga Khans, New York: William Morrow, 1996
• Naoroji M. Dumasia, The Aga Khan and His Ancestors, New Delhi: Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd., 2008
• Valliani, Amin; "Aga Khan's Role in the Founding and Consolidation of the All India Muslim League", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society (2007) 55# 1/2, pp 85–95.

External links

• Video Clip from the History Channel website
• Institute of Ismaili Studies: Selected speeches of Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah Aga Khan III Template:Webarchive
• [1] Template:Webarchive The Official Ismaili Website
• [2] Official Website of Aga Khan Development Network
• Aga Khan materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
• Template:PM20