Ageratina

Ageratina, commonly known as snakeroot, is a genus of over 300 species<ref name=POWO_30003158-2/><ref name="fna">Template:EFloras</ref><ref name="andes">Template:EFloras</ref><ref name="taiwan">Template:EFloras</ref> of perennials and rounded shrubs in the family Asteraceae.

These plants grow mainly in the warmer regions of the Americas and West Indies. Over 150 species are native to Mexico.<ref name=turner1>Template:Cite journal</ref> Some flourish in the cooler areas of the eastern United States. Two Mexican species have become a pest in parts of Australia and Taiwan.<ref name="taiwan" /> Ageratina used to belong to the genus Eupatorium, but it has been reclassified.

The genus name Ageratina means "like Ageratum"<ref>Template:Jepson eFlora</ref> and consists of Ageratum and -ina, the feminine form of the Latin adjectival suffix Template:Wikt-lang.

Description

Template:No citations The inflorescence consists of multiple fluffy, red or pinkish-white capitula in clusters. These lack the typical ray flowers of the composites.

They have multiple, much-branched woody stems. The petioles are rather long. The leaves are triangular, serrate and opposite with a foul-smelling, musky scent.

Species

Template:As of, Plants of the World online accepted 315 species:<ref name=POWO_30003158-2/> Template:Div col

• Ageratina acevedoana Template:Au
• Ageratina acevedoi Template:Au
• Ageratina adenophora Template:Au
• Ageratina adenophoroides Template:Au
• Ageratina aegirophylla Template:Au
• Ageratina altissima Template:Au
• Ageratina amblyolepis Template:Au
• Ageratina ampla Template:Au
• Ageratina anchistea Template:Au
• Ageratina angustifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina anisochroma Template:Au
• Ageratina apollinairei Template:Au
• Ageratina appendiculata Template:Au
• Ageratina aracaiensis Template:Au
• Ageratina arbutifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina areolaris Template:Au
• Ageratina aristeguietii Template:Au
• Ageratina aristei Template:Au
• Ageratina aromatica Template:Au
• Ageratina arsenei Template:Au
• Ageratina asclepiadea Template:Au
• Ageratina astellera Template:Au
• Ageratina atrocordata Template:Au
• Ageratina austin-smithii Template:Au
• Ageratina ayerscottiana Template:Au
• Ageratina baccharoides Template:Au
• Ageratina badia Template:Au
• Ageratina barclayae Template:Au
• Ageratina barriei Template:Au
• Ageratina beamanii Template:Au
• Ageratina bellidifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina bishopii Template:Au
• Ageratina blepharilepis Template:Au
• Ageratina bobjansenii Template:Au
• Ageratina boekei Template:Au
• Ageratina boyacensis Template:Au
• Ageratina brandegeana Template:Au
• Ageratina brevipes Template:Au
• Ageratina bustamenta Template:Au
• Ageratina caeciliae Template:Au
• Ageratina calaminthifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina calophylla Template:Au
• Ageratina campii Template:Au
• Ageratina campylocladia Template:Au
• Ageratina capazica Template:Au
• Ageratina capillipes Template:Au
• Ageratina cardiophylla Template:Au
• Ageratina carmonis Template:Au
• Ageratina cartagoensis Template:Au
• Ageratina celestini Template:Au
• Ageratina cerifera Template:Au
• Ageratina chachapoyasensis Template:Au
• Ageratina chazaroana Template:Au
• Ageratina chimalapana Template:Au
• Ageratina chiriquensis Template:Au
• Ageratina choricephala Template:Au
• Ageratina choricephaloides Template:Au
• Ageratina colimana Template:Au
• Ageratina collodes Template:Au
• Ageratina concordiana Template:Au
• Ageratina contigua Template:Au
• Ageratina contorta Template:Au
• Ageratina corylifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina costaricensis Template:Au
• Ageratina crassiceps Template:Au
• Ageratina crassiramea Template:Au
• Ageratina cremastra Template:Au
• Ageratina cronquistii Template:Au
• Ageratina cruzii Template:Au
• Ageratina cuatrecasasii Template:Au
• Ageratina cuencana Template:Au
• Ageratina cuicatlana Template:Au
• Ageratina cumbensis Template:Au
• Ageratina cutervensis Template:Au
• Ageratina cuzcoensis Template:Au
• Ageratina cylindrica Template:Au
• Ageratina dasyneura Template:Au
• Ageratina davidsei Template:Au
• Ageratina deltoidea Template:Au
• Ageratina desquamans Template:Au
• Ageratina dictyoneura Template:Au
• Ageratina dillonii Template:Au
• Ageratina diversipila Template:Au
• Ageratina dolichobasis Template:Au
• Ageratina dombeyana Template:Au
• Ageratina dorrii Template:Au
• Ageratina eleazarii Template:Au
• Ageratina elegans Template:Au
• Ageratina enixa Template:Au
• Ageratina espinosarum Template:Au
• Ageratina etlana Template:Au
• Ageratina etlensis Template:Au
• Ageratina ewanii Template:Au
• Ageratina fastigiata Template:Au
• Ageratina feuereri Template:Au
• Ageratina flaviseta Template:Au
• Ageratina fleischmannioides Template:Au
• Ageratina flourensifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina funckii Template:Au
• Ageratina geminata Template:Au
• Ageratina gentryana Template:Au
• Ageratina gilbertii Template:Au
• Ageratina glabrata Template:Au
• Ageratina glandulifera Template:Au
• Ageratina glauca Template:Au
• Ageratina glechonophylla Template:Au
• Ageratina glischra Template:Au
• Ageratina gloeoclada Template:Au
• Ageratina glyptophlebia Template:Au
• Ageratina gonzalezorum Template:Au
• Ageratina gracilenta Template:Au
• Ageratina gracilis Template:Au
• Ageratina grandifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina grashoffii Template:Au
• Ageratina guatemalensis Template:Au
• Ageratina gynoxoides Template:Au
• Ageratina gypsophila Template:Au
• Ageratina halbertiana Template:Au
• Ageratina harlingii Template:Au
• Ageratina hartii Template:Au
• Ageratina hasegawana Template:Au<ref name=turner1/>
• Ageratina havanensis Template:Au
• Ageratina hederifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina helenae Template:Au
• Ageratina henzium Template:Au
• Ageratina herbacea Template:Au
• Ageratina hernandezii Template:Au
• Ageratina hidalgensis Template:Au
• Ageratina hirtella Template:Au
• Ageratina huahuapana Template:Au<ref name=turner1/>
• Ageratina huehueteca Template:Au
• Ageratina humochica Template:Au
• Ageratina hyssopina Template:Au
• Ageratina ibaguensis Template:Au
• Ageratina ilicifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina illita Template:Au
• Ageratina iltisii Template:Au
• Ageratina infiernillensis Template:Au
• Ageratina intercostulata Template:Au
• Ageratina intibucensis Template:Au
• Ageratina irrasa Template:Au
• Ageratina isolepis Template:Au
• Ageratina jahnii Template:Au
• Ageratina jaliscensis Template:Au
• Ageratina jalpana Template:Au
• Ageratina jalpanserra Template:Au
• Ageratina jocotepecana Template:Au
• Ageratina josepaneroi Template:Au
• Ageratina josephensis Template:Au
• Ageratina jucunda Template:Au
• Ageratina juxtlahuacensis Template:Au
• Ageratina killipii Template:Au
• Ageratina kochiana Template:Au
• Ageratina kupperi Template:Au
• Ageratina lapsensis Template:Au
• Ageratina lasia Template:Au
• Ageratina lasioneura Template:Au
• Ageratina latipes Template:Au
• Ageratina leiocarpa Template:Au
• Ageratina lemmonii Template:Au
• Ageratina leptodictyon Template:Au
• Ageratina liebmannii Template:Au
• Ageratina ligustrina Template:Au
• Ageratina lobulifera Template:Au
• Ageratina lopez-mirandae Template:Au
• Ageratina lorentzii Template:Au
• Ageratina luciae-brauniae Template:Au
• Ageratina lucida Template:Au
• Ageratina macbridei Template:Au
• Ageratina macdonaldii Template:Au
• Ageratina macvaughii Template:Au
• Ageratina mairetiana Template:Au
• Ageratina malacolepis Template:Au
• Ageratina manantlana Template:Au
• Ageratina maranonii Template:Au
• Ageratina markporteri Template:Au
• Ageratina mayajana Template:Au
• Ageratina mazatecana Template:Au
• Ageratina megacephala Template:Au<ref name=turner1/>
• Ageratina megaphylla Template:Au
• Ageratina miahuatlana Template:Au
• Ageratina microcephala Template:Au
• Ageratina miquihuana Template:Au
• Ageratina molinae Template:Au
• Ageratina moorei Template:Au
• Ageratina mortoniana Template:Au
• Ageratina muelleri Template:Au
• Ageratina mutiscuensis Template:Au
• Ageratina neblinensis Template:Au
• Ageratina neohintonorium Template:Au
• Ageratina neriifolia (Template:Au
• Ageratina nesomii Template:Au
• Ageratina nubicola Template:Au
• Ageratina oaxacana Template:Au
• Ageratina ocanensis Template:Au
• Ageratina occidentalis Template:Au
• Ageratina oligocephala Template:Au
• Ageratina oppositifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina oreithales Template:Au
• Ageratina ovilla Template:Au
• Ageratina ozolotepecana Template:Au<ref name=turner1/>
• Ageratina palmeri Template:Au
• Ageratina pampalcensis Template:Au
• Ageratina paramensis Template:Au
• Ageratina parayana Template:Au
• Ageratina parviceps Template:Au
• Ageratina paucibracteata Template:Au
• Ageratina pauciflora Template:Au
• Ageratina paupercula Template:Au
• Ageratina pazcuarensis Template:Au
• Ageratina pelotropha Template:Au
• Ageratina pendula Template:Au
• Ageratina pentlandiana Template:Au
• Ageratina perezii Template:Au
• Ageratina persetosa Template:Au
• Ageratina petiolaris Template:Au
• Ageratina photina Template:Au
• Ageratina pichinchensis Template:Au
• Ageratina pochutlana Template:Au
• Ageratina popayanensis Template:Au
• Ageratina potosina Template:Au
• Ageratina pringlei Template:Au
• Ageratina proba Template:Au
• Ageratina prunellifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina prunifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina pseudochilca Template:Au
• Ageratina pseudogracilis Template:Au
• Ageratina psilodora Template:Au
• Ageratina queretaroana Template:Au
• Ageratina ramireziorum Template:Au
• Ageratina ramonensis Template:Au
• Ageratina rangelii Template:Au
• Ageratina regalis Template:Au
• Ageratina resiniflua Template:Au
• Ageratina resiniflua Template:Au
• Ageratina reticulifora Template:Au
• Ageratina rhodopappa Template:Au
• Ageratina rhodopoda Template:Au
• Ageratina rhomboidea Template:Au
• Ageratina rhypodes Template:Au
• Ageratina rhytidodes Template:Au
• Ageratina riparia Template:Au
• Ageratina riskindii Template:Au
• Ageratina rivalis Template:Au
• Ageratina roanensis Template:Au
• Ageratina robinsoniana Template:Au
• Ageratina roraimensis Template:Au
• Ageratina rosei Template:Au
• Ageratina rothrockii Template:Au
• Ageratina rubicaulis Template:Au
• Ageratina rupicola Template:Au
• Ageratina salicifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina saltillensis Template:Au
• Ageratina salvadorensis Template:Au
• Ageratina sandersii Template:Au
• Ageratina saxorum Template:Au
• Ageratina schaffneri Template:Au
• Ageratina scopulorum Template:Au
• Ageratina scordonioides Template:Au
• Ageratina seleri Template:Au
• Ageratina serboana Template:Au
• Ageratina serrulata Template:Au
• Ageratina shastensis Template:Au
• Ageratina simulans Template:Au
• Ageratina sodiroi Template:Au
• Ageratina soejimana Template:Au
• Ageratina solana Template:Au
• Ageratina sotarensis Template:Au
• Ageratina sousae Template:Au
• Ageratina spooneri Template:Au
• Ageratina standleyi Template:Au
• Ageratina sternbergiana Template:Au
• Ageratina stictophylla Template:Au
• Ageratina stricta Template:Au
• Ageratina subcoriacea Template:Au
• Ageratina subferruginea Template:Au
• Ageratina subinclusa Template:Au
• Ageratina sundbergii Template:Au
• Ageratina tambillensis Template:Au
• Ageratina tarmensis Template:Au
• Ageratina tejalapana Template:Au
• Ageratina tenuis Template:Au
• Ageratina textitlana Template:Au
• Ageratina theifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina thyrsiflora Template:Au
• Ageratina tinifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina tomentella Template:Au
• Ageratina tonduzii Template:Au
• Ageratina tovarae Template:Au
• Ageratina trianae Template:Au
• Ageratina triangulata Template:Au
• Ageratina triniona Template:Au
• Ageratina tristis Template:Au
• Ageratina urbani Template:Au
• Ageratina vacciniifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina vallincola Template:Au
• Ageratina venulosa Template:Au
• Ageratina vernalis Template:Au
• Ageratina vernicosa Template:Au
• Ageratina viburnoides Template:Au
• Ageratina viejoana Template:Au
• Ageratina villarrealii Template:Au<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Ageratina villonacoensis Template:Au
• Ageratina viscosa Template:Au
• Ageratina viscosissima Template:Au
• Ageratina warnockii Template:Au
• Ageratina websteri Template:Au
• Ageratina wrightii Template:Au
• Ageratina wurdackii Template:Au
• Ageratina yaharana Template:Au
• Ageratina yecorana Template:Au
• Ageratina zapalinama Template:Au
• Ageratina zaragozana Template:Au
• Ageratina zinniifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina zunilana Template:Au

Selected synonyms:

• Ageratina conspicua Template:Au — synonym of Ageratina grandifolia Template:Au
• Ageratina dendroides Template:Au — synonym of Raulinoreitzia crenulata Template:Au

Toxicity

Template:Further Milk from cows that have eaten snakeroot can cause illness if ingested because the milk becomes toxic. Symptoms of milk sickness include vomiting.

Medicinal use

Ageratina pichinchensis is a traditional Mexican treatment for superficial fungal infections of the skin. These plant extracts contain encecalin which has activity to inhibit and kill the fungus. Studies have compared its effectiveness in treating toenail fungus with ciclopirox.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Long used in India to treat snakebite, epilepsy, mental disorders. It was also discovered to be useful in regulating hypertension discovered in 1949, but it causes various side effects. Used to treat schizophrenia due to the alkaloid reserpine it contains.Template:Citation needed

External links

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• Template:Wikispecies-inline