Air hockey

Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox game

Air hockey is a tabletop sport where two opposing players try to score goals against each other on a low-friction table<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> using two hand-held discs (mallets/pushers) and a lightweight plastic puck.

The air hockey table has raised edges that allow the puck to reflect off horizontally, and a very smooth, slippery surface that further reduces friction by suspending the puck on a thin cushion of air ejected from tiny vent holes built inside the surface. This causes the puck to hover and move easily across the table with little loss of velocity, which simulates the lubricated sliding of an ice hockey puck across a well polished rink, hence the name of the game.

Federations

United States Air Hockey Association (USAA) – 1978
Air Hockey Players Association (AHPA) – 2015
North Carolina Air Hockey Player Association (NCAHP) – 2016
American Air Hockey League (AAHL) - 2024

History

Origins

Air hockey is a game resting on an older technology, the air table. Air tables began as a conveyor technology allowing heavy objects like cardboard boxes to easily slide over a table surface. The original air tables of the 1940s had rather large holes that were plugged by ball bearings. An object sitting on the table would depress the balls, allowing air to escape and lift the object slightly off the table.<ref>George E. Lamb, Conveyor, Template:U.S. Patent, granted Apr. 6, 1943</ref>

An air track, as designed by John Stull. This technology formed the basis of later air hockey games.

In the early 1960s physicists began designing and building crude air tracks for educational purposes. John Stull, a professor at Alfred University, created a simple low-friction air track using a vacuum cleaner under a flat surface perforated by small holes. Stull partnered with the Ealing Corporation, which further developed the idea.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

By the late 1960s, Ealing developed a tabletop with a sandwich of fiberboard or plexiglass sheets separated by a honeycomb structure. The top surface was drilled with a grid of small holes, and the space between the boards was supplied with low-pressure compressed air, just enough to allow "air pucks" to float over the surface.<ref>Thomas W. Williams III, Air Table, Template:U.S. Patent, granted Dec. 10, 1968.</ref><ref>Thomas W. Williams III, Air Table, Template:U.S. Patent, granted Feb. 25, 1969.</ref>

Creation

Air hockey was created by a group of Brunswick Billiards employees between 1969 and 1972.<ref name="Brunswick Billiards History">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1969, a trio of Brunswick engineers – Phil Crossman, Bob Kenrick and Brad Baldwin – began work on creating a game using a low-friction surface. The project stagnated for several years until it was revived by Bob Lemieux, who then focused on implementing an abstracted version of ice hockey, with a thin disc, two strikers and slit-like goals equipped with photodetectors. It was then decided that the game might appeal to a larger market and air hockey was marketed and sold to the general public. The original patents reference Crossman, Kendrick and Lemieux,<ref>Template:Cite patent</ref><ref name=USPTO-3927885>Template:Cite patent</ref> as well as Ealing's earlier work on air tables.

The game was an immediate financial success and by the mid-1970s there was interest in tournament play. As early as 1973, players in Houston had formed the Houston Air Hockey Association, and soon thereafter, the Texas Air-Hockey Players Association, codifying rules and promoting the sport through local tournaments at Houston pubs Carnabys and Damians, and the University of Houston.Template:Citation needed

Competitions

The United States Air-Table Hockey Association (USAA) was formed in 1975 by J. Phillip "Phil" Arnold, largely as an official sanctioning body.<ref name="air-hockey-history">Template:Cite web</ref> Since its inception, the USAA has sanctioned at least one national-level or World championship each year, crowning 12 different champions over 30 years. In March 2015, the Air Hockey Players Association (AHPA) was announced and is providing air hockey players with an additional organization also overseeing the sport of air hockey.<ref name="airhockeyworld.com-tourneylist">Template:Cite web</ref> The two organizations run independently but abide by a similar set of rules and share many of the same players. In July 2015, the AHPA crowned its first world champion and also the youngest in the history of the sport in Colin Cummings of Beaumont, Texas.Template:Citation needed

Today, professional air hockey is played by a close-knit community of serious players around the world, Having 4 main scenes in the US: Houston, North Carolina, Chicago and Boise; Barcelona in Spain; Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and Novgorod in Russia; and Most and Brno in the Czech Republic. In the late 1980s, Caracas, Venezuela served as a hotbed of activity; three-time World Champion Jose Mora and other finalists originated from there. By 1999 most of the Venezuelan activity had disappeared.Template:Citation needed

Air hockey tables

Template:Unreferenced section

A typical air hockey table consists of a large smooth playing surface designed to minimize friction, a surrounding rail to prevent the puck and mallets from leaving the table, and slots in the rail at either end of the table that serve as goals. On the ends of the table behind and below the goals, there is usually a puck return. Additionally, tables will typically have some sort of machinery that produces a cushion of air on the playing surface through tiny holes, with the purpose of reducing friction and increasing play speed.

The only tables that are approved for play and sanctioned by the USAA (United States Air Hockey Association) and the AHPA (Air Hockey Players Association) for tournament play are 8-foot tables. Approved tables include all Gold Standard Games 8-foot tables; some 8-foot tables from Dynamo; and the original 8-foot commercial Brunswick tables. Other full-size novelty-type tables with flashing lights on the field of play, painted rails, and/or smaller pucks are not approved for tournament play. There are also smaller air hockey tables having a size of 1.5, 2, or 2.5 feet, called mini air hockey tables. File:Wurstelprater Wien 2024 Airhocky Spielhalle Prater.ogg

A mallet (sometimes called a goalie, striker or paddle) consists of a simple handle attached to a flat surface that will usually lie flush with the surface of the table. The most common mallets, called "high-tops", resemble small plastic sombreros, but other mallets, "flat-tops", are used with a shorter nub.

Air hockey pucks are discs made of Lexan polycarbonate resin. Standard USAA and AHPA-approved pucks are yellow, red, and green. In competitive play, a layer of thin white tape is placed on the face-up side. Air hockey pucks come in circles and other shapes (triangle, hexagon, octagon, or square).

Four-player tables also exist, but they are not sanctioned for competitive play.Template:Citation needed

Rules

The basic rules of play are listed as follows:

The first player to reach 7 points wins the match
First possession of the puck is determined by a face off
Players may strike the puck with any part of the mallet, and each player can only use one mallet
Players have seven seconds to complete a shot towards the opposing goal
Once scored on, the player has ten seconds to return the puck back into play
When the puck is in contact with any part of the centerline, either player may strike the puck
Players can position themselves anywhere around the table as long as they stay on their side of the centerline
Each player is permitted a ten-second time out each match, and must be called by the player when they are in possession of the puck, or the puck is out of play
"Palming" or any use of the hand in contact with the puck is not permitted
Contact with the puck by any part of the player is prohibited
“Goal tending” or using the hands to prevent a goal is prohibited
Players cannot hit the puck off the table<ref name=pdf/><ref name=web/>

Fouls are issued to players who violate any of the rules. The player who receives the foul must turn possession of the puck over to the opponent. Technical fouls are issued for more severe violations, such as goal tending. When a technical foul is called, the opposing player is given a free shot on the offender's goal. The offender is not allowed to defend the shot, but can resume play if the shot misses and bounces off their end of the table.<ref name=pdf>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=web>Template:Cite web</ref>

Gameplay

Template:Unreferenced section Competitive (tournament) play is usually distinguished by the following:

The mallet is gripped behind the knob using one's fingertips, not on top of it. This allows more wrist action and helps the player to move the mallet around the table faster.
For basic defense, the mallet is kept centered at least 8 inches out from the goal. In this position, very slight movements to the left and right will block virtually all straight shots. To block bank shots, one pulls back quickly to the corners of the goal. This is known as the "triangle defense".
Shots are often hit out of "drifts", where the puck travels in set patterns designed to throw off the opponent's expectations and timing. The most popular drifts are the "center", "diamond", "diagonal", and "L".
Shots are often organized into groups of shots which are hit with the same apparent delivery but opposite directions, caused by hitting the puck at slightly different locations on the mallet. For example, a transverse motion of the right arm can lead to a "cut shot" to the left corner of the opponent's goal or a "right wall under" (bank off the right wall, into the right corner of the opponent's goal).

Competitive air hockey

Tournament history

USAA World Championships

Source: 1978-2009<ref name="Airhockeyworld Archive">Template:Cite web</ref>

USAA Air Hockey World Championships by Houston-based United States Air Hockey Association (USAA):

World Singles Championship Since 1978
World Doubles Championship Since 1995

Year	Champion	Runner-up	Third Place
1978	Jesse Douty	Phil Arnold	Rolf Moore
1979	Jesse Douty	Phil Arnold	Joe Campbell
1980	Jesse Douty	Phil Arnold	Joe Campbell
1980	Jesse Douty	Robert Hernandez	Mark Robbins
1981	Bob Dubuisson	Paul Burger	Jesse Douty
1981	Jesse Douty	Bob Dubuisson	Paul Marshall
1982	Jesse Douty	Mark Robbins	Bob Dubuisson
1983	Bob Dubuisson	Jesse Douty	Phil Arnold
1984	Mark Robbins	Robert Hernandez	Bob Dubuisson
1985	Bob Dubuisson	Robert Hernandez	Vince Schappell
1985	Bob Dubuisson	Robert Hernandez	Mark Robbins
1986	Robert Hernandez	Bob Dubuisson	Mark Robbins
1986	Mark Robbins	Bob Dubuisson	Robert Hernandez
1987	Robert Hernandez	Jesse Douty	Phil Arnold
1987	Jesse Douty	Mark Robbins	Robert Hernandez
1988	Jesse Douty	Bob Dubuisson	Robert Hernandez
1988	Jesse Douty	Bob Dubuisson	Joe Campbell
1989	Tim Weissman	Bob Dubuisson	Jesse Douty
1989	Tim Weissman	Jesse Douty	Robert Hernandez
1990	Tim Weissman	Jesse Douty	Robert Hernandez
1990	Tim Weissman	Phil Arnold	Mark Robbins
1991	Tim Weissman	Mark Robbins	Robert Hernandez
1991	Tim Weissman	Jesse Douty	Albert Ortiz
1992	Tim Weissman	Robert Hernandez	Mark Robbins
1992	Tim Weissman	Keith Fletcher	Vince Schappell
1993	Tim Weissman	Andy Yevish	Keith Fletcher
1994	John (Owen) Giraldo	Mark Robbins	Tim Weissman
1995	Billy Stubbs	Wil Upchurch	Don James
1996	Tim Weissman	Wil Upchurch	Andy Yevish
1997	Wil Upchurch	Tim Weissman	Jesse Douty
1999	José Mora	Pedro Otero	Jimmy Heilander
2000	José Mora	Pedro Otero	Tim Weissman
2001	Danny Hynes	Tim Weissman	José Mora
2002	Danny Hynes	Ehab Shoukry	Billy Stubbs
2003	Ehab Shoukry	José Mora	Andy Yevish
2004	Danny Hynes	Andy Yevish	Anthony Marino
2005	Danny Hynes	Billy Stubbs	Anthony Marino
2006	Danny Hynes	Wil Upchurch	Davis Lee
2007	Davis Lee	Keith Fletcher	Ehab Shoukry
2008	Danny Hynes	Ehab Shoukry	José Mora
2009	Ehab Shoukry	Davis Lee	Keith Fletcher
2010	Davis Lee	Billy Stubbs	Anthony Marino
2011	Danny Hynes	Ehab Shoukry	Billy Stubbs
2011	Danny Hynes	Ehab Shoukry	Billy Stubbs
2012	Billy Stubbs	Danny Hynes	Ehab Shoukry
2012	Billy Stubbs	Ehab Shoukry	Tim Weissman
2013	Danny Hynes	Davis Lee	Pedro Otero
2014	Billy Stubbs	Davis Lee	Danny Hynes
2015	Colin Cummings	Pedro Otero	Danny Hynes
2016	Colin Cummings	Danny Hynes	Brian Accrocco
2017	Jacob Weissman	Vadim Chizhevskiy	Colin Cummings
2019	Colin Cummings	Vincent Sauceda	Jacob Weissman
2021	Colin Cummings	Jacob Weissman	Jacob Muñoz
2022	Colin Cummings	Jacob Weissman	Marcelo García
2023	Colin Cummings	Jacob Weissman	Pete Lippincott
2024	Colin Cummings	Jacob Muñoz	Jacob Weissman
2025	Jacob Muñoz	Colin Cummings	Connor Cummings