Albert DeSalvo

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox murderer Albert Henry DeSalvo (September 3, 1931 – November 25, 1973), also known as the Green Man or the Measuring Man, was an American murderer and rapist who was active in Boston, Massachusetts, in the early 1960s. He is known for having confessed to being the "Boston Strangler," a serial killer who murdered thirteen women in the Boston area between 1962–64. Due to physical evidence, DeSalvo's confession was believed, yet he was only prosecuted in 1967 for a series of unrelated rapes, for which he was convicted and imprisoned until his murder in 1973. DeSalvo's claims to have murdered multiple women were disputed, and debates continued regarding which crimes he truly had committed.

By the early 21st century, techniques for DNA capture and analysis could allow for the re-investigation of some criminal cases. In July 2013, an analysis of semen found around the body of Mary Sullivan, the last of the Strangler's victims, was matched to DNA obtained from DeSalvo's nephew. Because men who are descended from a common male ancestor carry the same y-DNA, investigators believed that this finding linked DeSalvo to the killing of Sullivan. The DNA match excluded 99.9% of the remaining population.<ref name="bidgood">Template:Cite news</ref> Later that month, authorities exhumed DeSalvo's body and found that his DNA was a match.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NYDN"/>

Early life

Albert DeSalvo was born on September 3, 1931, in Chelsea, Massachusetts, as the third of six children to Charlotte (née Roberts) and Frank DeSalvo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> DeSalvo's father was a violent alcoholic who abused his wife and children;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> in one of the many times he attacked his wife in front of the children, he knocked out all her teeth and bent her fingers back until they broke.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> DeSalvo's father would also bring home prostitutes and engage in sexual acts with them in front of family members, including the children.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>

The young DeSalvo began torturing animals as a child. In early adolescence, he engaged in acts of petty theft and shoplifting, frequently crossing paths with the law. In 1943, DeSalvo, then aged 12, was arrested for battery and robbery, and was subsequently sent to the Lyman School for Boys. In October 1944, DeSalvo was paroled and started working as a delivery boy. In August 1946, nearly fifteen years old, he was returned to the Lyman School after being convicted of auto theft.<ref name=":0" />

After completing his second sentence, DeSalvo joined the United States Army. He was honorably discharged after his first tour of duty. DeSalvo re-enlisted and, despite being tried in a court-martial,Template:Citation needed was again honorably discharged. He served as a Military Police sergeant with the 2nd Squadron, 14th Armored Cavalry Regiment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

At the time of the Boston Strangler murders, DeSalvo lived at 11 Florence Street Park in Malden, across the street from the junction of Florence and Clement streets.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Murders

Template:See also Between June 14, 1962, and January 4, 1964, thirteen single women between the ages of 19 and 85 were murdered in the Boston area; their deaths were eventually tied to a serial killer dubbed the Boston Strangler. Most of the victims were sexually assaulted in their apartments before being strangled with articles of clothing. The oldest victim died of a heart attack. Two others were stabbed to death, one of whom was also badly beaten. Without signs of forced entry into their dwellings, the victims were assumed to have either known their killer or voluntarily allowed him into their homes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The final victim of the murders was 19-year-old Mary Sullivan, who was raped and strangled in her Boston apartment on January 4, 1964. Three ligatures were wrapped around her neck, and a broom handle was lodged in her vagina. A card reading "Happy New Year" was left by the killer, leaning against her left foot.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Gainsborough Street, site of the first of the Boston Strangler's murders

In late 1964, in addition to the Strangler murders, the Boston Police Department (BPD) were trying to solve a series of rapes committed by a man who had been dubbed the "Green Man" or the "Measuring Man." On October 27, a stranger entered a young woman's home in East Cambridge posing as a detective. He tied his victim to her bed, sexually assaulted her and left after undoing her restraints, apologizing as he departed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The woman's description led police to identify the assailant as DeSalvo.

When his photo was published, many women identified DeSalvo as the man who had assaulted them in the "Green Man" attacks. Earlier on October 27, DeSalvo had posed as a motorist with car trouble and attempted to enter a home in Bridgewater. The owner of the home, Richard Sproules (a future police chief of Brockton), became suspicious. He ultimately fired a shotgun at DeSalvo, who fled the scene.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Under arrest for his role in the "Green Man" rapes, DeSalvo was initially not suspected of being involved with the Strangler murders. He had confessed to fellow inmate George Nassar, who notified his attorney, F. Lee Bailey. Bailey subsequently took over DeSalvo's defense. Though there were some inconsistencies in his account, DeSalvo cited details of the Strangler case that had not been made public. However, police had not found physical evidence to substantiate his confession. Only after DeSalvo was charged with rape did he give a detailed confession of his activities as the Strangler. This took place on two occasions: under hypnosis induced by William Joseph Bryan, and without hypnosis during interviews with Assistant Attorney General John Bottomly.

For his 1967 trial, DeSalvo was evaluated by Harry Kozol, a neurologist who had established the first sex offender treatment center in Massachusetts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bailey arranged a plea bargain to lock in DeSalvo's guilt in exchange for excluding the death penalty as punishment. He also wanted to preserve the possibility of an eventual insanity verdict.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Bailey was angered by the jury's decision to sentence DeSalvo to life imprisonment without parole. He said:

"My goal was to see the Strangler wind up in a hospital, where doctors could try to find out what made him kill. Society is deprived of a study that might help deter other mass killers who lived among us, waiting for the trigger to go off inside them."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Victims

Name Age Discovery date Finding place
Anna Elza Slesers 55 June 14, 1962 77 Gainsborough Street, Boston
Mary Mullen 85 June 28, 1962 1435 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston
Nina Nioma Nichols 68 June 30, 1962 1940 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston
Helen Elizabeth Blake 65 June 30, 1962 73 Newhall Street, Lynn
Edes "Ida" Irga 75 August 19, 1962 7 Grove Street, Boston
Jane Sullivan 67 August 21, 1962 435 Columbia Road, Boston
Sophie L. Clark 20 December 5, 1962 315 Huntington Avenue, Boston
Patricia Jane Bissette 23 December 31, 1962 515 Park Drive, Boston
Mary Ann Brown 69 March 6, 1963 319 Park Street, Lawrence
Beverly Florence Samans 26<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> May 6, 1963 4 University Road, Cambridge
Marie Evelina "Evelyn" Corbin 57 September 8, 1963 224 Lafayette Street, Salem
Joann Marie Graff 23 November 25, 1963 54 Essex Street, Lawrence
Mary Anne Sullivan 19 January 4, 1964 44-A Charles Street, Boston

Imprisonment and death

DeSalvo was sentenced to life in prison in 1967. In February of that year, he escaped with two fellow inmates from Bridgewater State Hospital, triggering a full-scale manhunt. A note was found on his bunk addressed to the superintendent. In it, DeSalvo stated he had escaped to focus attention on the conditions in the hospital and his own situation. Three days later, DeSalvo contacted his lawyer to turn himself in. His lawyer then sent the police to re-arrest him in Lynn, Massachusetts.<ref>ID TV 12-29-14 ep:7 Confessions of The Boston Strangler Template:Cite episode</ref> Following the escape, DeSalvo was transferred to the maximum security prison known at the time as Walpole, where he later recanted his Strangler confessions.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On November 25, 1973, DeSalvo was found stabbed to death in the prison infirmary. Robert Wilson, who was associated with the Winter Hill Gang, was tried for DeSalvo's murder, but the trial ended in a hung jury.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bailey later stated that DeSalvo was killed for selling amphetamines in the prison for less than the inmate-enforced syndicate price.Template:Citation needed

DeSalvo's papers are housed in the Lloyd Sealy Library Special Collections at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. These papers include his correspondence, mainly with the members of the Bailey family, and gifts sent to the Baileys of jewelry and leatherwork crafted by DeSalvo while in prison.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

DNA evidence

On July 11, 2013, Boston law enforcement officials announced that DNA evidence had linked DeSalvo to the rape and murder of 19-year-old Mary Sullivan. DeSalvo's remains were exhumed,<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref> and DNA test results proved DeSalvo was the source of seminal fluid recovered at the scene of Sullivan's 1964 murder.<ref name="NYDN">DNA confirms Albert DeSalvo's link to 'Boston Strangler' killing of Mary Sullivan: authorities. NY Daily News archive, retrieved October 17, 2015.</ref>

Controversies

Doubts

Though DeSalvo was conclusively linked to Sullivan's murder, doubts remain as to whether he committed all of the Strangler homicides—and whether another killer could still be at large. When he confessed, people who knew DeSalvo personally did not believe him capable of the crimes. It was also noted that the women allegedly killed by the Strangler were of widely varying ages, social status and ethnicities, and that their deaths involved inconsistent modi operandi.Template:Citation needed

Susan Kelly, an author who has had access to the files of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' "Strangler Bureau", argues that the murders were the work of several killers, rather than that of a single individual.<ref name="kelly">Template:Cite book</ref> Another author, former FBI profiler Robert Ressler, has said, "You're putting together so many different patterns [regarding the Strangler murders] that it's inconceivable behaviorally that all these could fit one individual."<ref name="cbs">Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2000, Elaine Whitfield Sharp, an attorney specializing in forensic cases from Marblehead, Massachusetts, began representing the families of DeSalvo and Sullivan. A former print journalist, Sharp obtained court approval to exhume both Sullivan and DeSalvo for DNA testing, filed several court actions to obtain information and physical evidence from the government, and worked with various film producers to create documentaries so as to better educate the public. Through these efforts, Sharp was able to identify several inconsistencies between DeSalvo's confessions and the crime scene evidence.<ref name="bidgood"/>

For example, DeSalvo did not, as he claimed, strangle Sullivan with his bare hands; instead, she was strangled by ligature. Forensic pathologist Michael Baden noted that DeSalvo incorrectly stated the time of the victim's death—a detail that DeSalvo got wrong in several of the murders, said Kelly. Finally, James Starrs, professor of forensic science at George Washington University, told a news conference that a semen-like substance on Sullivan's body did not match DeSalvo's DNA and could not associate him with her murder.<ref name="bbc">Template:Cite news</ref>

Sullivan's nephew, Casey Sherman, wrote a book, A Rose for Mary (2003), in which he expanded upon the evidence—and leads from Kelly's book—to conclude that DeSalvo could not be responsible for her death, and to try to determine her killer's identity. Sharp continues to work on the case for the DeSalvo family.<ref name="sharp">Template:Cite web</ref>

On July 11, 2013, Suffolk County District Attorney Daniel F. Conley stated that DNA testing had revealed a "familial match" between DeSalvo and forensic evidence in the Sullivan killing, leading authorities to request the exhumation of DeSalvo's body in order to provide a definitive forensic link of DeSalvo to the murder.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Nine days later, investigators announced that the comparison of crime scene evidence and DeSalvo's DNA "leaves no doubt that Albert DeSalvo was responsible for the brutal murder of Mary Sullivan."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

George Nassar

George Nassar, the inmate DeSalvo reportedly confessed to, is among the suspects in the Strangler case.<ref name="gerold_frank">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1967 he was given a life sentence for the shooting death of an Andover gas station attendant. In 2008 and again in 2009, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court denied Nassar's appeals of his 1967 conviction.<ref name="Nassar2008">Template:Cite court</ref><ref name="Nassar2009">Template:Cite court</ref> In 2006, Nassar argued in court filings that he had been unable to make his case in a previous appeal, because he was in federal prison in Leavenworth, Kansas, in the 1980s and therefore did not have access to legal resources in Massachusetts.<ref name=Nassar2008/> The court noted that Nassar had returned to Massachusetts in 1983 yet he did not plead his case for more than two decades.<ref name=Nassar2008/> He also filed a motion for a new trial in Essex County, which was denied,<ref>Template:Cite court</ref> as was his 2011 petition to the United States Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari.<ref>Template:Cite court</ref>

Ames Robey, a former prison psychiatrist who analyzed both DeSalvo and Nassar, has called Nassar a misogynistic, psychopathic killer and a far more likely suspect in the Strangler murders than DeSalvo.<ref name="gerold_frank"/> Several followers of the case have also declared Nassar to be the real Strangler, claiming that he fed details of the murders to DeSalvo. DeSalvo, they speculated, knew that he would spend the rest of his life in jail for the "Green Man" attacks and "confessed" so that Nassar could collect reward money that they would split—thus providing support to DeSalvo's wife and two children. Another motive was DeSalvo's tremendous need for notoriety. DeSalvo hoped that the case would make him famous; Robey testified that "Albert so badly wanted to be the Strangler."<ref name="gerold_frank"/>

In a 1999 interview with The Boston Globe, Nassar denied involvement in the murders, saying that the speculation had destroyed his chances for parole. "I had nothing to do with it," he said; "I'm convicted under the table, behind the scenes."<ref name="eagle tribune">Template:Cite web</ref>

Other

In 1971, the Texas legislature unanimously passed a resolution honoring DeSalvo for his work in "population control". After the vote, Waco Representative Tom Moore Jr. admitted that he had submitted the legislation as an April Fool's Day joke against his colleagues—his declared intent was to prove that they pass legislation with no due diligence given to researching the issues beforehand. Having made his point, Moore withdrew the resolution.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

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References

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Further reading

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