Albert Gardiner

Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Australian English {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate | bodyclass = vcard | bodystyle = {{#if:|width: {{{mainwidth}}}}} | child = {{{embed}}}

| abovestyle = font-size: 100%;

| above = {{#if:The Honourable|

The Honourable

}}

{{#if:Albert Gardiner|Albert Gardiner|Template:PAGENAMEBASE}}

{{#if:|

}}

| subheaderstyle = font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;

| subheader = {{#ifeq:{{{embed}}}|yes||{{#if:|{{#if:|

}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:|

}}}}}}

| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=Albert Gardiner.jpg|size=|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=|size=|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image3 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | captionstyle = line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em; | caption{{#if:|3|{{#if:|2}}}} =

| headerstyle = color: #202122; {{#ifeq:{{{embed}}}|yes|background:#eee|background:lavender}}

| data1 = {{#if:| {{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}}}Template:Infobox officeholder/office{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| {{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}

| data2 = | header3 = {{#if:Template:Birth dateOrange, New South Wales, AustraliaTemplate:Death date and ageBondi Junction, New South Wales, AustraliaAustralianLaborTemplate:PlainlistGoldminer|Personal details}} | label4 = Pronunciation | data4 =

| label5 = Born | data5 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br

  |1={{#if:|}}
  |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}}

|3={{#if:Orange, New South Wales, Australia|

Orange, New South Wales, Australia

}}

}}

| label6 = Died | data6 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br

 |1={{#invoke:person date|death}}

|2={{#if:Bondi Junction, New South Wales, Australia|

Bondi Junction, New South Wales, Australia

}}

}}

| label7 = {{#ifexpr: Template:Strfind short

   | Manner |{{#if:|Manner|Cause}} }} of death

| data7 = {{#if:||}}

| label8 = Resting place | class8 = label | data8 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br||}}

| label9 = Citizenship | data9 =

| label10 = Nationality | data10 = {{#if:Australian|{{#if:{{#invoke:find country|main|string=Orange, New South Wales, Australia}}|{{#switch:{{#invoke:delink|delink|Australian}}| {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:Country2nationality||{{#invoke:find country|main|string={{#invoke:delink|delink|Orange, New South Wales, Australia}}}}|nocat=true}}|{{#invoke:delink|delink|Australian}}|{{#invoke:delink|delink|Australian}}}} = | {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:find country|main|string=Orange, New South Wales, Australia}}|England|British}} = | #default = Australian}}|Australian}}|}} | label11 = Political party | data11 = {{#switch:Labor | = | Democrat | Democratic | Democrat = Democratic | Republican | United States Republican Party | Republican | Republican Party = Republican | Conservative Party | Conservative = Conservative | Labour Party | Labour = Labour | Conservative Party | Conservative = Conservative | Liberal Party | Liberal = Liberal | KMT | Kuomintang | KMT | KMT | Kuomintang | Kuomintang (KMT) | Kuomintang (KMT) = Kuomintang | DPP | DPP | Democratic Progressive Party = Democratic Progressive Party | #default = Labor }}

| label12 = Other political
affiliations | data12 =

| label13 = Height | data13 = {{#if:|Template:Infobox person/height}}

| label14 = Spouse{{#if:|s|{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize|Template:Plainlist|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data14 = Template:Plainlist

| label15 = Domestic partner{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data15 =

| label16 = Relations | data16 =

| label17 = Children | data17 =

| label18 = Parent{{#if:|{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}}|{{#ifexpr:Template:Count > 1|s}}}} | data18 = {{#if:|{{{parents}}}|{{#invoke:list|unbulleted|{{#if:|{{{father}}} (father)}}|{{#if:|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}}}}}

| label19 = Relatives | data19 =

| label20 = Residence{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | class20 = {{#if:Template:Death date and ageBondi Junction, New South Wales, Australia||label}} | data20 =

| label21 = Education | data21 =

| label22 = Alma mater | data22 =

| label23 = Occupation | data23 = Goldminer

| label24 = Profession | data24 =

| label25 = Known for | data25 =

| label26 = Salary | data26 =

| label27 = Cabinet | data27 =

| label28 = Committees | data28 =

| label29 = Portfolio | data29 =

| label30 = {{#if:|Civilian awards|Awards}} | data30 =

| label31 = {{{blank1}}} | data31 =

| label32 = {{{blank2}}} | data32 =

| label33 = {{{blank3}}} | data33 =

| label34 = {{{blank4}}} | data34 =

| label35 = {{{blank5}}} | data35 =

| label36 = Signature | data36 = {{#if:|[[File:|{{#if:|{{{signature_size}}}|128x80px}}|class=skin-invert notpageimage|alt=|Albert Gardiner's signature]]}}

| label37 = Website | data37 =

| label38 = Nickname{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data38 =

| header39 = {{#if:|Military service}}

| label40 = Allegiance | data40 =

| label41 = {{#if:||Branch/service}} | data41 =

| label42 = {{#if:||Years of service}} | data42 =

| label43 = {{#if:||Rank}} | data43 =

| label44 = {{#if:||Unit}} | data44 =

| label45 = Commands | data45 =

| label46 = {{#if:||Battles/wars}} | data46 =

| label47 = {{#if:|Military awards|Awards}} | data47 =

| label48 = {{{military_blank1}}} | data48 =

| label49 = {{{military_blank2}}} | data49 =

| label50 = {{{military_blank3}}} | data50 =

| label51 = {{{military_blank4}}} | data51 =

| label52 = {{{military_blank5}}} | data52 =

| data53 = | data54 = | data55 = | data56 = | data57 = | data58 = | belowstyle = border-top: 1px solid right;

| below =

{{#if:| As of {{{date}}}{{#if:|, {{{year}}}}}}}

{{#if:|Source: [{{{source}}}]}}

}}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#if:||{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}}}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox officeholder with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| regexp1 = 1blankname[%d]* | regexp2 = 1namedata[%d]* | regexp3 = 2blankname[%d]* | regexp4 = 2namedata[%d]* | regexp5 = 3blankname[%d]* | regexp6 = 3namedata[%d]* | regexp7 = 4blankname[%d]* | regexp8 = 4namedata[%d]* | regexp9 = 5blankname[%d]* | regexp10 = 5namedata[%d]* | allegiance | alma_mater | regexp11 = alongside[%d]* | alt | regexp12 = ambassador_from[%d]* | regexp13 = appointed[%d]* | regexp14 = appointer[%d]* | regexp15 = assembly[%d]* | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | regexp16 = blank[%d]* | bodyclass | branch | branch_label | cabinet | candidate | caption | categories | regexp17 = chancellor[%d]* | children | citizenship | regexp18 = co%-leader[%d]* | commands | committees | regexp19 = constituency[%d]* | regexp20 = constituency_AM[%d]* | regexp21 = constituency_MP[%d]* | regexp22 = convocation[%d]* | regexp23 = country[%d]* | regexp24 = data[%d]* | date | death_cause | death_date | death_manner | death_place | demo | regexp25 = deputy[%d]* | regexp26 = district[%d]* | education | election_date | embed | father | regexp28 = firstminister[%d]* | footnotes | regexp29 = governor[%d]* | regexp30 = governor_general[%d]* | regexp31 = governor%-general[%d]* | height | honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix | image | image name | image_name_alt | image_size | imagesize | image_upright | incumbent | regexp32 = jr/sr[%d]* | regexp33 = jr/sr and state[%d]* | known_for | regexp34 = leader[%d]* | regexp35 = legislature[%d]* | regexp36 = lieutenant[%d]* | regexp37 = lieutenant_governor[%d]* | mainwidth | regexp38 = majority[%d]* | regexp39 = majority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp40 = majority_leader[%d]* | regexp41 = majorityleader[%d]* | mawards | regexp42 = military_blank[%d]* | regexp43 = military_data[%d]* | regexp44 = minister[%d]* | regexp45 = minister_from[%d]* | regexp46 = minority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp47 = minority_leader[%d]* | regexp48 = minorityleader[%d]* | regexp49 = module[%d]* | regexp50 = monarch[%d]* | mother | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat | regexp51 = nominator[%d]* | nominee | occupation | regexp52 = office[%d]* | opponent | regexp53 = order[%d]* | otherparty | parents | regexp54 = parliament[%d]* | regexp55 = parliamentarygroup[%d]* | partner | party | party_election | portfolio | regexp56 = preceded[%d]* | regexp57 = preceding[%d]* | regexp58 = predecessor[%d]* | regexp59 = premier[%d]* | regexp60 = president[%d]* | regexp61 = primeminister[%d]* | regexp62 = prior_term[%d]* | profession | pronunciation | rank | rank_label | relations | relatives | residence | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | regexp63 = riding[%d]* | runningmate | salary | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | smallimage | smallimage_alt | source | speaker | speaker_office | spouse | spouses | regexp64 = state[%d]* | regexp65 = state_assembly[%d]* | regexp66 = state_delegate[%d]* | regexp67 = state_house[%d]* | regexp68 = state_legislature[%d]* | regexp69 = state_senate[%d]* | regexp70 = status[%d]* | regexp71 = suboffice[%d]* | regexp72 = subterm[%d]* | regexp73 = succeeded[%d]* | regexp74 = succeeding[%d]* | regexp75 = successor[%d]* | regexp76 = taoiseach[%d]* | regexp77 = term[%d]* | regexp78 = term_end[%d]* | regexp79 = term_label[%d]* | regexp80 = term_start[%d]* | regexp81 = termend[%d]* | regexp82 = termlabel[%d]* | regexp83 = termstart[%d]* | regexp84 = title[%d]* | unit | unit_label | regexp85 = vicegovernor[%d]* | regexp86 = vicepremier[%d]* | regexp87 = vicepresident[%d]* | regexp88 = viceprimeminister[%d]* | regexp89 = assuming[%d]* | website | width | year }} Albert "Jupp" Gardiner (30 July 1867 – 14 August 1952) was an Australian politician who served as a Senator for New South Wales from 1910 to 1926 and again briefly in 1928. A member of the Labor Party, he served in cabinet as Vice-President of the Executive Council under Andrew Fisher and Billy Hughes, and from 1916 to 1926 was his party's Senate leader; he was its only senator from 1920 to 1922. Before entering federal politics he had served in the Parliament of New South Wales from 1891 to 1895 and from 1904 to 1907.

Early life

Gardiner was born on 30 July 1867 in Orange, New South Wales.<ref name=adb/> He was the seventh son and one of twelve children born to Charlotte (née Davis) and William Gardiner. His father, born in Tasmania, was a wheelwright. His mother was illiterate at the time of his birth.<ref name=senatebio/>

Gardiner was educated at Flanagan's School in Orange until the age of 15, when he was apprenticed to a carpenter. He moved to Parkes in 1890 and began working at the Hazlehurst gold battery. He was nicknamed "Jupp" after the English cricketer Harry Jupp, whom he was supposed to resemble; both were large men with broad shoulders.<ref name=senatebio>Template:Cite news</ref>

Gardiner played rugby union as a forward and represented New South Wales against New Zealand and Queensland in 1897 and against England in 1899.<ref name=adb/>

New South Wales politics

In 1891, Gardiner was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly with the support of the Labor Electoral League, the Labor Party's predecessor. He topped the poll in the seat of Forbes, although he refused to sign Labor's solidarity pledge in 1893. In 1894, with the abolition of Forbes, he was elected the member for Ashburnham, but was defeated in 1895. He stood unsuccessfully for Ashburnham in 1898 for the Free Trade Party and Orange in 1901 as an independent.<ref name=nsw>Template:Cite NSW Parliament</ref> He was elected member for Orange in 1904, but lost the seat in 1907.<ref name=nsw/>

Federal politics

Early years

File:Albert Gardiner - T. Humphrey & Co.jpg

Undated photo, T. Humphrey & Co.

Gardiner was elected to the Senate at the 1910 federal election, winning a six-year term commencing on 1 July 1910.<ref name=aph>Template:Cite news</ref> He was one of the parliamentary representatives of Australia at the coronation of King George V in 1911. In the Senate, Gardiner spoke on a wide range of topics and was known for his "forceful delivery, 'rapid in utterance, fiery in tone'",<ref name=adb/> as well as for his independence of mind including deviation from decisions of the ALP caucus on some occasions. He was a prominent opponent of the Cook government from 1913 to 1914, which had secured a narrow one-seat majority in the House of Representatives but faced a hostile Senate dominated by the ALP.<ref name=senatebio/>

Ministerial career

Following a double dissolution, Gardiner was re-elected to the Senate at the 1914 election and was subsequently appointed Vice-President of the Executive Council in the Fisher government. He was also made assistant minister for defence in July 1915, under defence minister and Senate leader George Pearce, retaining both roles after Billy Hughes replaced Andrew Fisher as prime minister in October 1915.<ref name=senatebio/> As assistant defence minister he "took a close interest in the conditions of military camps".<ref name=adb/>

Gardiner supported Australian involvement in World War I but was unequivocally opposed to compulsory overseas service for conscripts. He nonetheless supported the government's decision to hold the 1916 Australian conscription referendum, in the interests of cabinet solidarity. On 27 October 1916, a day before the referendum, Gardiner discovered that Hughes had authorised the distribution of a compulsory questionnaire aimed at detecting conscription evaders, despite the fact that he and fellow ministers William Higgs and Edward Russell had expressly withheld consent for such a measure. They resigned from the ministry on the same date, not before Gardiner had released an account of the incident to the press.<ref name=senatebio/>

Senate leader

In November 1916, the ALP formally split over conscription and expelled Hughes from the party, who remained as prime minister at the head of a National Labor Party ministry and later merged with the opposition Liberal Party to form a Nationalist government. Gardiner remained loyal to the ALP, now led by Frank Tudor,<ref name=senatebio/> and on 29 November 1916 replaced Pearce as the party's Senate leader and leader of the opposition in the Senate.<ref name=aph/>

The 1917 federal election saw a landslide victory for the Nationalists, with the ALP failing to win any Senate seats and being left without a Senate majority for the first time since 1910. Gardiner played a key role in the diminished ALP opposition's attempts to thwart Hughes' agenda. In November 1918, he mounted a filibuster against the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918, which introduced preferential voting for House of Representatives. He spoke on the bill for 12 hours and 40 minutes, reading the entire bill and its schedule, and setting a record for the longest parliamentary speech in Australia.<ref name=senatebio/> The Senate subsequently amended its standing orders to introduce a time limit for speeches.<ref name=adb/>

Gardiner was the only ALP senator re-elected at the 1919 election, with the consecutive electoral wipeouts leaving him as the party's sole Senate representative from 1920 to 1923.<ref name=senatebio/> In 1922, he contested the leadership of the Labor Party against Matthew Charlton who defeated him by 22 votes to 2.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1924, Gardiner was the only member of parliament to make "sustained objections" to the introduction of compulsory voting for federal elections, despite its inclusion in the ALP platform. He stated his opposition to "anything in democracy which savours of compulsion" and described the bill as "a further infringement on the liberty of the individual".<ref> Template:Cite book</ref>

Final years

File:Senator Albert Gardiner (cropped).jpg

Gardiner in later life

Gardiner lost his Senate seat at the 1925 election, with his term as a senator and ALP Senate leader expiring on 30 June 1926.<ref name=aph/>

In 1928, Gardiner filled a casual vacancy for five months, despite expulsion from the Lang-led state branch of the party. He unsuccessfully contested Dalley as an independent Labor candidate in 1928. He then unsuccessfully contested the State seats of Waverley in 1932 and Canterbury in 1935 as an Official Labor candidate—that is, recognised by the Federal Labor Party, but not the State branch.<ref name=adb/>

Personal life

Gardiner was married to Ada Evelyn Jewell from 1892 until their divorce in 1897. She was also active in the labour movement and in 1906 was one of the first women elected to the ALP state executive in New South Wales, along with Kate Dwyer, Harriet Powell, Selina Siggins, Mary Anne Grant, Edith Bethel and Maggie Hall.<ref name=harr>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1902, Gardiner re-married to Theresa Alice Clayton, with whom he had two children. He died on 14 August 1952 at his home in Bondi Junction, Sydney, aged 85.<ref name=adb> Template:Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography</ref>