Alexander McDougall

Major General Alexander McDougall (1732<ref name=Ileach>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Ndash 9 June 1786) was a Continental Army officer and politician who was a leader of Sons of Liberty during the American Revolution. He served in the Army during the Revolutionary War, and as a delegate to the Continental Congress. After the war, he was the president of the first bank in the state of New York and served a term in the New York State Senate.

Early life

McDougall was born on Islay,<ref name=Ileach /> in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland in the summer of <ref name=":1"/> 1732.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was one of the five children of Ranald and Elizabeth McDougall. In 1738 the family emigrated to New York as part of a party led by a former British Army captain, Lachlan Campbell.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Campbell had described fertile land available near Fort Edward, but when they arrived in New York City, they discovered that Lachlan had been awarded a patent for about Template:Convert and expected them to become tenants to his estate. Ranald withdrew and found work on a dairy farm on the island of Manhattan. The family prospered and young Alexander began his commercial career as a delivery boy for milk in New York.

In around 1745, when he was fourteen, Alexander signed on as a merchant seaman. He worked on a number of vessels, and then in 1751 he returned to Great Britain for 4 months.

Privateer to merchant

After the onset of the French and Indian War in 1756, McDougall became commissioned by the crown as a merchant privateer. During the war, McDougall commanded two ships; the Tyger, an 8 gun sloop, and the Barrington, a 12 gun sloop. An able captain as well as a knowledgeable merchant, he made a modest fortune in captured ships and the sale of their cargo.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1763 McDougall gave up the seafaring life. The war had ended, his wife Nancy died, as did his father. He was left with responsibility for his three children and his mother. So he converted his seagoing assets and with the small fortune he had accumulated during the war, invested in land and became a merchant and importer. During this period, McDougall also worked as a slave trader and owned at least one slave named Colerain.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By 1767 he had his affairs in good order. He owned land in Albany County and as far away as North Carolina. He remarried, this time to Hannah Bostwick, the daughter of his landlady.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> Though their increasing wealth earned them recognition, it did not earn them acceptance into the traditional society in New York City. Longstanding members of high society such as the Livingstons and the De Lancey's looked down on him as crude and unpolished.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Prelude to revolution

When revolutionary fervor grew with resistance to the Stamp Act, McDougall became active in the Sons of Liberty, and later was a leader in the movement in the colony of New York. Difficulties in the city and colony were increased by the Quartering Act, which required the colonists to provide housing and support to British regulars. The Province of New York assembly had refused to pass appropriations for their housing in 1767 and 1768, and had been prorogued. Then, the new assembly of 1769 approved money for the quartering of regulars.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 16 December 1769<ref name="Alexander Mcdougal">Template:Cite web</ref> McDougall wrote and printed an anonymous broadside, To the Betrayed Inhabitants, which criticized the assembly's vote and sparked the Battle of Golden Hill.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was accused of libel and arrested on 7 February 1770, but refused to post bail, so he was jailed. He spent two periods in jail, for a total of about five months, but wasn't convicted and was released in 1771.<ref name="Alexander Mcdougal"/> His imprisonment became another cause for protest. In an effort to paint him as a political martyr, the Sons of Liberty called him, "the Wilkes of America," after John Wilkes, a radical British politician who was imprisoned for defying the authority of the government.<ref name="Schulman">Template:Cite web</ref> This was symbolized by the group and was incorporated into the protests.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

McDougall became the street leader of the Sons of Liberty, and organized continued protests until the city became under de facto control of the Patriots in 1775. He organized the city's reaction to the Tea Tax in 1773 and led their action, similar to the Boston Tea Party.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He became a member of the Committees of Correspondence and Safety,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the New York City Committee of Sixty<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and when New York established their revolutionary government in 1775, he was elected to the New York Provincial Congress. It was during this prelude to the Revolution that McDougall became close friends with Alexander Hamilton.<ref name=":1"/>

Continental Army

On 30 June 1775, McDougall became a commissioned colonel of the 1st New York Regiment by an act of the New York Provincial Congress.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Eventually, McDougall would rise the rank of Major General in the Continental Army.<ref name="Union College Press">Template:Cite book</ref> Soon after his commission, McDougall's troops were sent north to take part in the invasion of Quebec (1775), among them were two of McDougall's sons. The Colonel stayed behind to raise funds and troops. The campaign ultimately failed. One of McDougall's sons was captured and the other died of a fever near Montreal.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

During the early period of the war, McDougall played a role, in collaboration with Peter T. Curtenius, in preparing for the siege of New York by the Regulars.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The city was unprepared for an extended fight and the defense of the city was a primary focus for George Washington and his staff.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> When the Regulars won the Battle of Long Island, it quickly became apparent that the Continental Army would be unable to hold the city. The Continental Army needed to make a quick retreat from the city in order to avoid heavy losses. Colonel McDougall helped oversee the evacuation effort by boat.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

After the Continental Army left New York City, they traveled north and made an initial stand against the British near the village of White Plains. Here, McDougall helped to hold off the British and allow for the main body of the army to avoid conflict. For much of the remainder of the war, McDougall was stationed in the Highlands of the Hudson as the commander of American forces at West Point, New York (Fort Clinton) after Benedict Arnold's defection in 1780.<ref name="Alexander Mcdougal"/> Throughout the war, McDougall was an outspoken advocate for the Continental Army and for better conditions for its soldiers.<ref name="Union College Press"/> In the winter of 1783 he was at the head of the committee of army officers who the bore complaints about pay<ref name="Schulman"/> from Newburgh to Congress.<ref name="Alexander Mcdougal"/>

McDougall was also involved in the establishment of an American navy in 1776.<ref name=":1"/>

Public service

In 1780, he was elected as delegate to the Continental Congress. He spent only 37 days in Congress, however, he was soon nominated to serve as the Secretary of Marine. He served in that role from 7 February 1781 – 29 August 1781. In 1784, he was elected to the State Senate<ref>Template:Cite book pg=205</ref> where he served until his death.<ref name="bioguide.congress.gov">Template:Cite web</ref> In his role as State Senator, McDougall was involved in the successful movement to separate church and state in the New York State government and the unsuccessful movement to not issue paper money.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref> McDougall was the first president of the Bank of New York as well as the New York Society of the Cincinnati.<ref name="bioguide.congress.gov"/>

He died 9 June 1786, at the age of fifty-three<ref name=":1"/> and was interred in the family vault in the First Presbyterian Church, New York City.<ref name="bioguide.congress.gov"/> Today, his memorial stone is situated prominently on the wall of the First Presbyterian Church of New York in Greenwich Village.<ref name=":2" />

Legacy

MacDougal Street in the New York City's Greenwich Village is named for him.

Personal life

McDougall married his cousin, Nancy McDougall, during a trip to Great Britain in 1751.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> After the Revolution, she died and McDougall remarried his landlady's daughter, Hannah Bostwick.<ref name=":1" /> During the war, one of his sons died and another was captured by the British. McDougall was well liked and respected by the soldiers he commanded. He continuously advocated for better wages and conditions for soldiers. He was also close friends with Alexander Hamilton and was deeply respected by George Washington, who called him a "pillar of the revolution."<ref name=":2" /> McDougall may have been born in Scotland, but he was rebellious and stubborn by nature and deeply loyal to his adopted home of America.<ref name=":2" />

McDougall's great-grandson John McDougall Atherton was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives, as was Atherton's own son, Peter Lee Atherton.

See also

• Newburgh Conspiracy
• Cornelius Atherton

External links

• McDougall's congressional biography