Alexander Meiklejohn

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Alexander Meiklejohn (Template:IPAc-en; 3 February 1872 – 17 December 1964) was an English-born American philosopher, university administrator, educational reformer, and free-speech advocate, best known as president of Amherst College.<ref name= Brunoniana>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Amherst>Template:Cite web</ref>

Background

Alexander Meiklejohn was born on 3 February 1872, in Newbold Street, Rochdale, Lancashire, England. He was of Scottish descent, and the youngest of eight sons. When he was eight, the family moved to the United States, settling in Rhode Island. Family members pooled their money to send him to school. He earned bachelor's and master's degrees at Brown University, graduating Phi Beta Kappa, and completed his doctorate in philosophy at Cornell in 1897. At Brown, he was a member of Theta Delta Chi.<ref name= Brunoniana/><ref name=Amherst/>

Career

Photo "Experimental College group with Frank and Meiklejohn, 15 March 1928" from Nelson's Education and Democracy as Experimental College advisers (left to right): "Walter Agard, Malcolm Sharp, (unknown), Paul Raushenbush, William Phillips, Alexander Meiklejohn, Carl Bögholt, Glenn Frank, (unknown), Laurence Saunders, Samuel Rogers

In 1897, Meiklejohn began teaching at Brown. In 1901, he became second dean of the university, a position he held for twelve years.<ref name= Brunoniana/><ref name=Amherst/> The first-year advising program at Brown bears his name.<ref name="Meiklejohn-Program">Template:Cite web</ref> From 1912 to 1923, Meiklejohn served as president of Amherst College.<ref name="Brunoniana" /><ref name="Amherst" /> His presidency ended with his forced resignation for trying to apply his reforms, and thirteen students refused their diplomas that year in protest.<ref name="Brunoniana" />

Although he was offered the presidency of other colleges, Meiklejohn proposed to open a new, experimental liberal arts college. He was unable to develop adequate funding for creating an entirely new school, but he was invited by Glenn Frank, new president of the University of Wisconsin, to create the University of Wisconsin Experimental College there, which ran from 1927 to 1932.<ref name="Brunoniana" /><ref name="Amherst" /> He retired from the University of Wisconsin in 1938, having already moved to Berkeley, California.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="obit">Template:Cite news</ref> He was a cofounder of the School of Social Studies in San Francisco,<ref name="Brunoniana" /> an adult education program focusing on "great books" and American democracy.<ref name="Amherst" /> In 1965, Ann Fagan Ginger, an American attorney and activist,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> founded an institute to advance human rights and peace law through legal research, education, and advocacy, and named it Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute (MCLI),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> with Meiklejohn's permission. In 1945, Meiklejohn was a U.S. delegate to the founding meeting of UNESCO in London.<ref name="Brunoniana" />

Death

Meiklejohn died at age 92 on 17 December 1964, in Berkeley, California.<ref name= Brunoniana/><ref name=Amherst/>

Activism

Meiklejohn was known as an advocate of First Amendment freedoms and was a member of the National Committee of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).<ref>Judy Kutulas (2006), The American Civil Liberties Union and the Making of Modern Liberalism, 1930–1960, p. 99.</ref> He was a notable proponent of the link between freedom of speech and democracy. He argued that the concept of democracy is that of self-government by the people. For such a system to work an informed electorate is necessary. To be appropriately knowledgeable, there must be no constraints on the free flow of information and ideas. According to Meiklejohn, democracy will not be true to its essential ideal if those in power are able to manipulate the electorate by withholding information and stifling criticism. Meiklejohn acknowledges that the desire to manipulate opinion can stem from the motive of seeking to benefit society. However, he argues, choosing manipulation negates, in its means, the democratic ideal.<ref name=Marlin>Template:Cite book</ref> Eric Barendt has called the defense of free speech on the grounds of democracy "probably the most attractive and certainly the most fashionable free speech theory in modern Western democracies".<ref name=Marlin/>

In Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC, 528 US 377 (2000), at 401, Justice Stephen Breyer, joined by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, wrote a concurring opinion in support of regulation. In response to protestations that such laws violate citizen's rights to free speech, Breyer held that there were free speech arguments on both sides of the issue. He said that properly framed regulations limiting monetary contributions could substantially expand the opportunity for freedom of expression rather than limit it. He pointed out that the integrity of the electoral process needs to be maintained since that is the means by which a free society translates political advocacy into concrete political action, and that regulating the financing of political campaigns is integral to that advocacy. In doing so, Breyer cited Meiklejohn's interpretation of the First Amendment which gives emphasis to public need rather than individual prerogative.Template:Citation needed

Meiklejohn was a supporter of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Awards

The American Association of University Professors (AAUP) established the Alexander Meiklejohn Freedom Award to honor his work.<ref name= Brunoniana/> He received the Rosenberger Medal in 1959. Meiklejohn was selected by John F. Kennedy to receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which was presented by Lyndon B. Johnson shortly after Kennedy's death.<ref name="Brunoniana" />

Legacy

Meiklejohn has been honored with a number of programs or institution named after him, including the Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute (MCLI) in Berkeley. The Meiklejohn Advising Program is Brown University's advising program for incoming first-year students. Meiklejohn Advisors (known as Meiklejohns or Micks for short) are student advisors who are paired with each first-year, along with a faculty advisor, to provide academic advice and help the transition to college.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The University of Wisconsin–Madison's Meiklejohn House (home to the Integrated Liberal Studies program) continues to espouse the ideals of Meiklejohn's experimental college by engaging students in interdisciplinary liberal education.<ref name="Brunoniana" />

Meiklejohn Hall at the California State University, East Bay, houses many of the school's liberal arts programs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington, was deeply influenced by Meiklejohn's pedagogical philosophy during its founding and maintains many of his central principles today.Template:Citation needed Meiklejohn Fellows Program at Amherst College is a unique program reserved for first-generation and/or low-income students. The program provides dedicated advising, programming, peer-to-peer support, and summer internship funding.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Books

Meiklejohn wrote books from 1920 to 1960:

  • The Liberal College, 1920
  • Freedom and the College, 1923
  • The Experimental College, 1932
  • What Does America Mean?, 1935
  • Education Between Two Worlds, 1942
  • Free Speech and Its Relation to Self-Government, 1948
  • Political Freedom: the Constitutional Powers of the People, 1960

See also

Notes

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References

  • Cynthia Stokes Brown, Alexander Meiklejohn: Teacher of Freedom, MCLI, 1981.
  • Ronald K.L. Collins & Sam Chalatin, We Must Not Be Afraid to Be Free: Stories of Free Expression in America (Oxford U. Press, 2011), pp. 39–58.
  • Randal Marlin, Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion (2nd ed.) (Broadview Press, 2013). Template:ISBN.
  • Adam R. Nelson, Education and Democracy: The Meaning of Alexander Meiklejohn, 1872-1964 (University of Wisconsin Press, 2001).
  • Eugene H. Perry, A Socrates for all Seasons: Alexander Meiklejohn and Deliberative Democracy (Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse Press, 2011).

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