All Parties Hurriyat Conference

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Template:Use British English Template:Infobox political party All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) is an alliance of several political, social and religious organizations formed on 9 March 1993, as a united political front to raise the cause of Kashmiri independence in the Kashmir conflict. Mehmood Ahmed Saghar was the first convener of the APHC-PAK chapter when the alliance was established in 1993.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The alliance has historically been viewed positively by Pakistan as it contests the claim of the Indian government over the State of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="kashmirherald1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> The organisation is split into two main factions, the Mirwaiz and Geelani factions. Mirwaiz Umar Farooq is the founder and chairman of Mirwaiz faction and Masarat Alam Bhat is the interim chairman of Geelani faction, who succeeded Syed Ali Shah Geelani, the founder of the faction after his death.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Desk">Template:Cite web</ref>

History

The All Parties Hurriyat Conference was founded on 31 July 1993.<ref name="indianexpress.com">Template:Cite web</ref> On 27 December 1992, the 19-year-old Mirwaiz Umar Farooq, who had taken over as chairman of J&K Awami Action Committee (J&KAAC) and become the head priest of Kashmir after the assassination of his father Mirwaiz Farooq, called a meeting of religious, social and political organisations at Mirwaiz Manzil leading to the creation of the formation the following year.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

The APHC executive council had seven members from seven executive parties: Syed Ali Shah Geelani of Jamat-e-Islami, Mirwaiz Umar Farooq of Awami Action Committee, Sheikh Abdul Aziz of People’s League, Moulvi Mohammad Abbas Ansari of Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen, Prof Abdul Gani Bhat of Muslim Conference, Yasin Malik of JKLF, and Abdul Gani Lone of People’s Conference.

Now, the leadership of the some executive parties have changed with time like Mukhtar Ahmed Waza of people's league, Masroor Abbas Ansari of Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen and Bilal Ghani lone of people's conference, renamed as JK peoples independent movement[1]

Ideology and role

According to the Hurriyat, Jammu and Kashmir is a disputed territory and India's control of it is not justified. It supports the Pakistani claim that Kashmir is the "unfinished agenda of Partition" and needs to be solved "as per the aspirations of the people of Jammu and Kashmir."<ref name="satp.org">Template:Cite web</ref>

The APHC perceives itself to be the sole representative of the Kashmiri people.<ref name="satp.org"/>

The organisation's primary role has been to project an image of counter-insurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir and to mobilise public opinion against Indian security forces. The alliance has consistently followed up local allegations of security force excesses, and in several documented cases, false allegations about human violation by Indian security forces. For instance, the Haigam firing incident of 16 February 2001, was an assault on a peaceful gathering whereas, but later claimed in news reports and official clarifications, the army contingent fired upon the mob only when they were blocked and prevented from moving.<ref name="satp.org"/>

The APHC has also an observer's status in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). OIC has invited Mirwaiz Umar Farooq for its June 2005 Foreign Ministers Conference in Yemen.<ref name="satp.org"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Internal Split

There are currently two main factions of the Hurriyat Conference led by Mirwaiz Umar Farooq and Syed Ali Shah Geelani. The Mirwaiz-led group, also referred to as the "moderate faction" along with non-Hurriyat leaders like Yasin Malik undertook, between 2–16 June 2005, the first formal visit of Kashmiri separatists to Pakistani Kashmir and subsequently, though unsanctioned by Indian authorities, to Pakistan.<ref name="satp.org"/>

Internal fissures within the Hurriyat Conference culminated in a formal split on 7 September 2003,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> with at least 12 of its 26 constituents "removing" the then Chairman Maulana Mohammad Abbas Ansari "replacing" him with Masarat Alam as its interim chief. The dissenters reportedly met at the residence of hardliner and pro-Pakistan Jamaat-e-Islami (JeI) leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani and decided to depose Ansari and "suspend" the seven-member executive committee, the highest decision-making forum of the APHC. A five-member committee was formed to review the Hurriyat Constitution and suggest amendments to reverse what the dissenters perceived as "autocratic" decisions taken by the executive committee.<ref name="satp.org"/>

Following this, Geelani formed his own faction of the Hurriyat called All Party Hurriyat Conference (G) and took over its leadership in 2003. He was later appointed as its lifetime chairman.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It consists of 24 parties. In 2004 he founded his own party named Tehreek-e-Hurriyat due to differences with the Jamaat-e-Islami.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He was appointed as the party chairman in October 2004.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Hurriyat Conference again split in 2014. The moderate Hurriyat Conference led by Mirwaiz Umar Farooq faced the split after four senior leaders raised a banner of revolt against the chairman and other members of the conglomerate.<ref name="ReferenceA">Template:Cite web</ref> Democratic Freedom Party president Shabir Ahmad Shah, National Front chairman Nayeem Ahmad Khan, Mahaz-e-Azadi chief Mohammad Azam Inqlabi and Islamic Political Party Mohommad Yousuf Naqash were up in arms against Mirwaiz after he dashed off a letter to the convener in Pakistan administered Kashmir, Mohommad Yousuf Naseem, asking him not to entertain the leaders who have left the conglomerate on their own. The leader Shabir Shah and his lieutenant Nayeem Khan along with Shia leader Agha Hassan joined Hurriyat Conference (G) led by Syed Ali Geelani.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Views on right to self-determination

All JKLF factions support the right to self-determination as per UN Security Council Resolution 47. Hurriyat, led by Syed Ali Shah Geelani, Shabir Shah, Nayeem Khan & Azam Inquilabi, demand the right to self-determination as per UN Security Council Resolution 47. Members of the Executive Council of the original APHC were:

Criticism and controversies

Relations with Pakistan and Afghanistan

Sheikh Mustafa Kamal, a senior leader of the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference and son of Sheikh Abdullah criticised Hurriyat leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani for working on "dictations" given by Pakistan. He accused Geelani of being "a double agent" on "the payroll of Pakistan's ISI".<ref name="outlookindia.com1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="daily.bhaskar.com">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="in.com">Template:Cite web</ref>

Kamal said "Geelani has tried to 'ignite and incite' people by 'hollow slogans and destructive emotionalism', whenever even a Pakistani clerk comes to India and summons this ex-lawmaker(Geelani), he rushes to Delhi to take dictation about how to ensure that uncertainty prevails in the state."<ref name="outlookindia.com1"/><ref name="daily.bhaskar.com"/><ref name="in.com"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">Template:Cite web</ref>

Pakistan also openly supported Geelani and Hurriyat, and representatives have had several meetings with Hurriyat leaders. A three-member delegation from the Pakistan High Commission led by Abdul Basit met Geelani at his Malviya Nagar residence in March 2015. Pakistan High Commissioner Abdul Basit assured Geelani of complete support conveying that the country's stand on Kashmir remains unchanged despite the regime change in New Delhi.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="dnaindia.com1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="asianage.com">Template:Cite web</ref> Basit also invited Geelani for a Pakistan Day function on 23 March. The Pakistan High Commission in New Delhi, ritually invites pro-separatist leadership of Jammu and Kashmir for the function every year.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/><ref name="dnaindia.com1"/><ref name="asianage.com"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Indian media vehicles reported that Geelani and Hurriyat are paying local unemployed young men to stage protests.<ref name="india.com">Template:Cite web</ref> According to them, arrested participants confessed being paid Rs 400($6–7) every Friday. Police said the money is being raised locally by Hurriyat hardliner Syed Ali Shah Geelani's followers. Most of the money comes from fruit markets and saw mills, Pakistan-based LeT terrorists also participate in stone peltings,<ref name="india.com"/> the police said.<ref name="india.com"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Elections boycott

Geelani and Hurriyat appealed to the people of Kashmir to boycott the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly elections completely, arguing that: "India has been holding elections in the Valley using the power of gun and so such an exercise is not legitimate."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> But despite repeated boycott appeals, the 2014 assembly election recorded record voter turnout of more than 65% which was the highest in 25 years of history and higher than normal voting percentages in other states of India.<ref name="ndtv.com">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

While voter turnout in Jammu and Kashmir as a whole was high, it remained low in Kashmir, and in many thickly populated areas of Srinagar and Anantnag, it stayed considerably below the norm, reaching close to 20% in some of them.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This trend continued and became much worse during the 2019 Lok Sabha election in JK, where Srinagar and Anantnag recorded voter turnout of 15.6% and 9.7% each respectively.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Member of the European Parliament Kosma Zlotowski welcomed the smooth conduct of the State Legislative Elections in the Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="prnewswire.com">Template:Cite press release</ref> Zlotowski's office in its message said that: "The high voter turnout figure proves that democracy is firmly rooted in India. The EU would like to congratulate India and its democratic system for conduct of fair elections, unmarred by violence, in the state of Jammu and Kashmir [...] The European Parliament also takes cognizance of the fact that a large number of Kashmiri voters turned out despite calls for the boycott of elections by certain separatist forces."<ref name="prnewswire.com"/><ref name="business-standard.com">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Current members

CurrentTemplate:When members of All Parties Hurriyat Conference include:Template:Citation needed

Number Party Leader
1 Aawami Action Committee Mirwaiz Umar Farooq
2 People's League

Mukhtar Ahmed Waza

3 Anjamani Auqafi Jama Masjid Mohammad Umar Farooq
4 Anjaman-e-Tablig-ul Islam Syed Qasim Shah Bukhari
5 Ummat Islami Qazi Ghulam Mohammad
6 Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen Maulana Masroor Abbas Ansari
7 Anjuman e shari shiyan Aga Syed Hassan al-moosvi Al-safvi
8 Jammu Kashmir National Front Nayeem Ahmed Khan
9 All Jammu & Kashmir Employees' Confederation Ishtiaq Qadri
10 Jamiate Ulama-E-Islam Abdul Gani Azhari
11 Jamiat-e-Hamdania Mirwaiz Moulana Muhammad Yaseen Hamdani
12 Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference Abdul Ghani Lone till 2002 assassination
13 Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front Muhammad Yasin Malik
14 Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party Shabir Shah & Mehmood Ahmed Saghar
15 Jammu and Kashmir People's Basic Rights (Protection) Committee Mufti Bahauddin Farouqi
16 Liberation Council Azhar Bhat
17 Kashmir Bazme Tawheed Tajamul Bhat
18 Kashmir Bar Association Zaroon bhat
19 Muslim Khawateen Markaz Zaid Bhat/ Anjum Zamarud Habib<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
20 Muslim Conference Khokhar e aazam
21 Tehreek-e-Hurriyat Kashmiri Saqib Bhat
22 Jammu and Kashmir People's Independent Movement<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bilal Ghani Lone
23 Peoples Political Party Eng Hilal Ahmad War
24 Imam Ahmad Raza Islamic Mission Rafeeq Ahmad Mir
25 Saut-Ul-Aliya Moulana Abdul Rashid Dawoodi
26 Jammu and Kashmir People's Freedom League Muhammad Farooq Rehmani
27 Peoples Political Party Hilal Ahmed War for Azad Jammu and Kashmir n Pakistan chapter Mian Muzaffar Shah
28 Dukhtaran-e-Millat Asiya Andrabi
29 J & K Muslim League Masarat Alam
30 Difa-e-Pakistan Council Sami ul Haq
31 Jammu and Kashmir Human Rights Committee Noor-Ul-Hassan
32 Employees and Workers Confederation Mohiuddin
33 Majlis-e-Tehfuz-ul-Islam
34 Muslim Zone Employees Front
35 Unjman-e-Itehad-e-Muslimeen Tral
36 Muslim Employees Front
37 Shia Rabitta Committee
38 Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party Sardar Hassan Ibrahim Khan<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>
39 Milli Muslim League Saifullah Khalid Kasuri<ref name="dawn">Template:Cite web</ref>
40 Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir Ghazi Shahzad<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
41 Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam Syed Muhammad Kafeel Bukhari<ref name="jasarat">Template:Cite news</ref>

Hurriyat Conference has three factions: Hurriyat led by Syed Ali Shah Geelani, Hurriyat led by Mirwaiz Umar Farooq, and Hurriyat led by Shabir Shah, Azam Inquilabi & Nayeem Khan. Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front is not part of these factions.

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Sources

Template:Jammu and Kashmir freedom movement Template:India separatist movements Template:Authority control

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