Alveolar hydatid disease

Alveolar hydatid disease (AHD) is a form of echinococcosis, or a disease that originates from a parasitic flatworm. AHD is caused by an infection of the flatworm species Echinococcus multilocularis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Although alveolar echinococcosis is rarely diagnosed in humans and is not as widespread as cystic echinococcosis (caused by Echinococcus granulosus), it is also still a serious disease that has a significantly high fatality rate.<ref name="Malik_2019">Template:Cite book</ref> It is considered one of the most life-threatening helminthic infections humans can have.<ref name="Malik_2019" />

It is most prevalent in China, Eastern France, Switzerland, Austria, Bulgaria, Turkey, Iran, Japan, Afghanistan, and Russia, and is mostly confined to the Northern hemisphere, south to around the 40th or 45th degree of Northern latitude, save some cases reported in Northern Africa.<ref name="Malik_2019" /><ref name="Schantz_1988">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Ammann_1996">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Bhatia_2016">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Signs and symptoms

As the larvae grow in the liver, they create lesions.<ref name="Malik_2019" /> If untreated, this progresses into abdominal mass and/or pain, jaundice, and finally liver failure.<ref name="Torgerson_2010">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Cause

AHD is caused by the larval stage of E. mulitilocularis, a species of flatworm found in the Northern Hemisphere.<ref name="Malik_2019" /> Humans make poor intermediate hosts for the worm, as they play no role in their life cycle.<ref name="Ammann_1996" /> However, when exposed the worms will still infect them. A major risk factor is when their domesticated dogs and cats eat wild, infected (typically arvicolid) rodents.<ref name="Ammann_1996" /><ref name="Kantarci_2014">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Their feces then will contain the worms' eggs, which have fully developed larval worms inside.<ref name="Ammann_1996" /> Humans become infected after eating food or water contaminated by embryonated eggs, or by handling an infected host like dogs and cats or by skinning infected foxes.<ref name="Kantarci_2014" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Pathophysiology

Once ingested by humans, "the oncospheres hatch in the stomach or small intestine, become activated, penetrate the epithelial layer, and migrate via blood and lymphatic vessels to the visceral organs, primarily the liver, where they develop to another larval stage, the metacestode."<ref name="Ammann_1996" /> The larval growth resembles a slow-moving liver tumor and it is able to destroy both the liver parenchyma and its function.<ref name="Malik_2019" />

Diagnosis

Due to its infiltration into biliary and vascular liver tissue, it can be difficult to differentiate AHD and liver cancer.<ref name="Malik_2019" />

Management

Early detection and treatment and radical surgery is key to preventing fatality from AHD.<ref name="Malik_2019" /> Treatment may include liver resection to remove the larvae and chemotherapy using benzimidazoles.<ref name="Torgerson_2010" /><ref name="Autier2024">Template:Cite journal Template:Open access</ref> Chemotherapy must continue for many years, sometimes for the remainder of the patient's life.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Failure to comply with these expensive and difficult treatments will likely result in death for the patient.<ref name="Torgerson_2010" />

Prognosis

The disease is often progressive and destructive.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The growth happens slow, and so many people do not get symptoms until the later stages.<ref name="Bhatia_2016" /> Central necrotic cavities are common in advanced stages of the disease.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Epidemiology

AHD is not as common as diseases caused by other flatworms, but it is still prevalent in the Northern hemisphere. It is not uncommon in China, with some communities having a 5% or more infection rate.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In Europe, it is considered an emerging disease.<ref name="Torgerson_2010" /> The increasing fox populations of Europe correlate with heightened reported cases.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

History

In 1855, Rudolf Virchow, the German pathologist, recognized that the disorder that was at the time known as colloid carcinoma of the liver, which was known for its tumor-like lesions in the liver, were actually caused by an Echinococcus species. For 100 year it was debated whether the species was E. granulosus or a different species. It was finally settled by two publications between 1954 and 1955, the former from Alaska and the latter from Germany.<ref name="Ammann_1996" />

Society and culture

AHD is confined to the Northern hemisphere.<ref name="Schantz_1988" /> There are about 18,235 reported cases every year with 95% hailing from China.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Research directions

Wildlife research is working to detect the parasite in new areas.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>