American Association (1882–1891)
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use mdy dates Template:Use American English Template:Infobox sports league
The American Association of Base Ball Clubs (AA) was a professional baseball league that existed for 10 seasons from Template:Baseball year to Template:Baseball year. Together with the National League (NL), founded in Template:Baseball year, the AA participated in an early version of the World SeriesTemplate:Efn seven times versus the champion of the NL in an interleague championship playoff tournament. At the end of its run, several AA franchises joined the NL. After 1891, the NL existed alone, with each season's champions being awarded the Temple Cup (1894–1897).
During its existence, the AA was often simply referred to as "the Association" in the media, in contrast to the NL, which was sometimes called "the League". It was also sometimes called the "Beer and Whiskey League".
History
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The American Association (AA) distinguished itself in several ways from what it considered to be the puritanical National League (NL). The new league established teams in what the NL leaders pejoratively called "river cities", including Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville and St. Louis, with the inherent implication of lower morality or social standards in those cities. In contrast to the NL, the AA offered cheaper ticket prices, Sunday games and alcoholic beverages to its patrons.<ref name="SABR">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp
On November 8, 1881, at the Gibson House in Cincinnati, it was decided that individual teams in the league-to-be would operate their own affairs and set their own admission prices,<ref>The Encyclopedia of Louisville, John E. Kleber</ref> under an agreement called the "guarantee system". The NL at that time prohibited the sale of alcohol on its grounds, while the AA had no such restrictions, especially as several of its teams were backed by breweries and distilleries. The AA became known as "The Beer and Whiskey League", another pejorative term applied by NL owners, which did not seem to bother the fans of the Association's clubs.
Beginning in 1884 and continuing through 1890, the champion of the AA met the champion of the NL in an early version of the World Series. These early Series were less organized than the modern version, with as few as three games played and as many as fifteen, and the contests of 1885 and 1890 ending in disputed ties. The NL won four of these Series, while the AA won only one, in 1886 when the St. Louis Browns (now the St. Louis Cardinals) defeated the Chicago White Stockings (now the Chicago Cubs). Template:Further
Over its lifetime, the AA was weakened by several factors. One was the tendency of some of its teams to jump to the NL. The consistently stronger NL was in better position to survive adverse conditions. Some owners of AA teams also owned a NL team.<ref name="SABR" />Template:Rp The most significant blow to the AA was dealt by the Players' League, a third major league formed in 1890, which siphoned off talent and gate receipts. In a rare historical oddity, the Brooklyn Bridegrooms (now the Los Angeles Dodgers) won the league's championship and represented the AA in the 1889 World Series, switched to the NL during the off-season, and then repeated the same feat. Though during the initial offseason between 1891 and 1892, the Association was looking to expand (including the approval of a Chicago-based team on October 23), the league formally dissolved on December 18, 1891, at 11:10 AM, having officially merged with the National League (with the new formal name, the "National League and American Association of Baseball Clubs".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
No player who spent the majority of his career in the AA is in the baseball Hall of Fame, although Bid McPhee of the Cincinnati Reds played eight of his eighteen seasons in the AA before the Reds moved to the National League. The living legacy of the old Association is the group of teams that came over to the National League to stay. The Pirates moved to the NL after the 1886 season, the Bridegrooms/Dodgers and the Cincinnati Reds after the 1889 season, and the Browns/Cardinals after the American Association folded following the 1891 season. Following the reorganization and contraction of the NL from 12 teams down to 8 in 1900, half of the eight surviving teams were former members of the AA. Several of the AA's home-field venues survived into the 1960s: The ballpark used by the 1891 Washington club evolved into Griffith Stadium; the home of the St. Louis Browns, Sportsman's Park; and the city block occupied by the Reds, which evolved into Crosley Field. Other than the clubs themselves, Crosley Field was the last physical remnant of the AA—it was the home field of the Cincinnati Reds until mid-season 1970 and was razed in April 1972.
During the AA's existence, four clubs defected over to the NL: Allegheny City (joined NL 1887, later became the Pittsburgh Pirates), the Cleveland Spiders (joined NL 1889), the Brooklyn Bridegrooms (joined NL 1890, eventually renamed the Dodgers), and the Cincinnati Reds (joined NL 1890). At the AA's demise in 1891, four additional clubs joined the NL: the St. Louis Browns (later the Cardinals), the Louisville Colonels, the Washington Statesmen (renamed the Senators), and the Baltimore Orioles. Therefore, from 1892 to 1899, when the NL consisted of 12 teams, 8 of them had been former AA clubs. When the National League contracted from twelve teams down to eight for the 1900 season, Louisville, Washington, Baltimore, and Cleveland were eliminated, leaving an eight team National League with four former AA clubs remaining, all of which continue to play today: the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Cincinnati Reds, the Brooklyn Superbas (later the Los Angeles Dodgers), and the St. Louis Cardinals. All four have posted more than 10,000 all-time major-league victories.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
AA statistics are recognized by Major League Baseball (MLB), the AA being one of six leagues deemed "major" by the Special Baseball Records Committee of Major League Baseball in 1969.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Efn
Pennant winners of the AA
- 1882 Cincinnati Red Stockings
- 1883 Philadelphia Athletics
- 1884 New York Metropolitans (lost World Series, 3–0, to Providence NL)
- 1885 St. Louis Browns (tied World Series, 3–3–1, with Chicago NL)
- 1886 St. Louis Browns (won World Series, 4–2, over Chicago NL)
- 1887 St. Louis Browns (lost World Series, 10–5, to Detroit NL)
- 1888 St. Louis Browns (lost World Series, 6–2, to New York NL)
- 1889 Brooklyn Bridegrooms (lost World Series, 6–3, to New York NL)
- 1890 Louisville Colonels (tied World Series, 3–3–1, with Brooklyn NL)
- 1891 Boston Reds
American Association franchises
| Franchise | Franchise name with all recorded nicknames |
| Years | Years that the franchise were active in the AA |
| Home-field | The home-field ballpark(s) in which the franchise played |
| Titles | How many league titles the franchise won in the AA |
| † | Franchise later joined the National League |
| § | Franchise transferred in from the Players' League |
| Franchise | Years | Home-field | Titles | Notes | Ref | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baltimore Orioles† | 1882–1891 | Newington Park/Oriole Park I, II, III | 0 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Cincinnati Red Stockings† | 1882–1889 | Bank Street Grounds/League Park I | 1 | This franchise currently exists as the Cincinnati Reds | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Louisville Colonels† | 1882–1891 | Eclipse Park I | 1 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Philadelphia Athletics | 1882–1890 | Oakdale Park/Jefferson Street Grounds | 1 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Pittsburgh Alleghenys† | 1882–1886 | Exposition Park I, II/Recreation Park | 0 | This franchise currently exists as the Pittsburgh Pirates | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| St. Louis Brown Stockings/Browns† | 1882–1891 | Sportsman's Park I | 4 | This franchise currently exists as the St. Louis Cardinals | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Columbus Buckeyes | 1883–1884 | Recreation Park I | 0 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| New York Metropolitans | 1883–1887 | Polo Grounds I/Metropolitan Park/St. George Cricket Grounds | 1 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Brooklyn Atlantics/Grays/Bridegrooms† | 1884–1889 | Washington Park/Ridgewood Park II | 1 | This franchise currently exists as the Los Angeles Dodgers | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Indianapolis Hoosiers | 1884 | Seventh Street Park I/Bruce Grounds | 0 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Richmond Virginians | 1884 | Allen Pasture | 0 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Toledo Blue Stockings | 1884 | League Park | 0 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Washington Nationals | 1884 | Athletic Park | 0 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Cleveland Forest Citys/Blues† | 1887–1888 | Kennard Street Park | 0 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Kansas City Cowboys | 1888–1889 | Association Park/Exposition Park | 0 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Columbus Solons | 1889–1891 | Recreation Park II | 0 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Brooklyn Gladiators | 1890 | Ridgewood Park II/Polo Grounds III | 0 | <ref name="Ridgewood Park II in New York"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Rochester Broncos/Hop Bitters | 1890 | Culver Field I/Polo Grounds III | 0 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Syracuse Stars | 1890 | Star Park II | 0 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Toledo Maumees | 1890 | Speranza Park | 0 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Boston Reds§ | 1891 | Congress Street Grounds | 1 | Transferred from the Players' League after 1890 season | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Cincinnati Kelly's Killers | 1891 | East End Park | 0 | Also referred to as the Reds and the Porkers | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Milwaukee Brewers | 1891 | Athletic Park | 0 | Transferred to the Western League in 1892. | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Philadelphia Athletics§ | 1891 | Forepaugh Park | 0 | Transferred from the Players' League after 1890 season | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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| Washington Statesmen† | 1891 | Boundary Field | 0 | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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Timeline
The first line is the formation of the American Association (AA) in 1882, and the second marks the end of the American Association.
World's Championship Series championships are shown with a "•", American Association Pennants in non-World Championship Series seasons are shown with a "#", and American Association Pennant winners who tied or lost the World Championship Series are shown with a "^".
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- ---Charter Members of the AA in 1882
bar:BAL from:02/11/1881 till:29/11/1889 color:orange text:"Baltimore Orioles" bar:BAL from:29/11/1889 till:27/08/1890 color:nl1 text:"(AA~minors)" $Up bar:BAL from:27/08/1890 till:18/12/1891 color:orange text:"Baltimore~Orioles" $Up bar:BAL from:18/12/1891 till:end color:nl1 text:"(NL)" bar:CINR from:02/11/1881 till:14/11/1889 color:darkred text:"Cincinnati Red Stockings" textcolor:white bar:CINR from:14/11/1889 till:end color:nl1 text:"Cincinnati Reds (NL)" at:CINR at:02/09/1882 $champ2 mark:(line, darkred) bar:LOU from:02/11/1881 till:01/01/1885 color:black text:"Louisville~Eclipse" textcolor:white $Up bar:LOU from:01/01/1885 till:18/12/1891 color:gray text:"Louisville~Colonels" textcolor:white $Up bar:LOU from:18/12/1891 till:end color:nl1 text:"(NL)" at:LOU at:24/09/1890 $champ3 mark:(line, gray) bar:PHI from:02/11/1881 till:24/11/1890 color:skyblue text:"Philadelphia Athletics" at:PHI at:30/08/1883 $champ2 mark:(line, skyblue) bar:PIT from:02/11/1881 till:17/11/1886 color:yellow text:"Pittsburgh Alleghenys" bar:PIT from:17/11/1886 till:01/01/1891 color:nl1 text:"(NL)" bar:PIT from:01/01/1891 till:end color:nl1 text:"Pittsburgh~Pirates (NL)" $Up bar:SLB from:02/11/1881 till:01/01/1883 color:vegasgold text:"St. Louis~Brown Stockings" $Up bar:SLB from:01/01/1883 till:18/12/1891 color:brown text:"St. Louis Browns" textcolor:white $Down bar:SLB from:18/12/1891 till:end color:nl1 text:"(NL)" at:SLB at:24/09/1885 $champ3 mark:(line, brown) at:SLB at:23/09/1886 $champ mark:(line, brown) at:SLB at:26/09/1887 $champ3 mark:(line, brown) at:SLB at:27/09/1888 $champ3 mark:(line, brown)
- ---1883
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- ---1884
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- ---1887
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- ---1888
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- ---1889
bar:CLB from:05/12/1888 till:15/12/1891 color:red text:"Columbus~Solons" $Up
- ---1890
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- ---1891
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bar:MIL from:01/01/1886 till:01/01/1888 color:nl1 text:"(NwL)" bar:MIL from:01/01/1888 till:18/08/1891 color:nl1 text:"(WL)" bar:MIL from:18/08/1891 till:15/12/1891 color:vegasgold text:"Milwaukee~Brewers" $Up bar:MIL from:15/12/1891 till:07/07/1892 color:nl1 text:"(WL)"
</timeline>
- The 1884 Washington Statesmen were replaced during the season by the Richmond Virginians.
- For the 1891 season, the Philadelphia Athletics were replaced by the Philadelphia Quakers of the Player's League.
- The 1891 Cincinnati Kelly's Killers folded during the season and were replaced by the Milwaukee Brewers.
- All non-American Association labels not labeled "NL" (National League) or "PL" (Players' League) are minor league teams.
- 1882 – AA forms with six teams
- 1883 – AA expands to eight teams
- 1884 – AA expands to twelve teams in response to Union Association threat
- 1885 – AA returns to eight teams
- 1887 – Allegheny ("Pittsburgh Alleghenys") leave AA to join NL
- 1889 – Cleveland Spiders leave AA to join NL
- 1890 – Cincinnati Red Stockings and Brooklyn Bridegrooms leave AA to join NL
- 1892 – Baltimore Orioles, Louisville Colonels, St. Louis Browns, and Washington Senators join National League after the merger of the AA into the NL. Boston Reds, Columbus Solons, Philadelphia Athletics fold, and Milwaukee Brewers reverts to a minor league team.
AA presidents
- H. D. McKnight (1882–1885)
- Wheeler C. Wyckoff (1886–1889)
- Zach Phelps (1890)
- Allen W. Thurman (1890–1891)
- Louis Kramer (1891)
- Ed Renau (1891)
- Zach Phelps (1891)
Notes
References
- General
- Specific
External links
- "American Association Remembered", MLB.com
Template:American Association (1882–1891) Template:Professional Baseball Template:Authority control