Andrija Mohorovičić

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Andrija Mohorovičić (23 January 1857 – 18 December 1936) was a Croatian<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> geophysicist. He is best known for the eponymous Mohorovičić discontinuity and is considered one of the founders of modern seismology.<ref name="Penn state">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia.com">Template:Cite web</ref>

Early years

The house in Volosko where Mohorovičić was born

Mohorovičić was born in Volosko, Opatija, where his father (also named Andrija) was a blacksmith, specializing in making anchors. The younger Andrija also loved the sea and married a captain's daughter, Silvija Vernić, with whom he had four sons. Mohorovičić obtained his elementary education in his home town, then continued at the gymnasium of neighbouring Rijeka. He received his higher education in mathematics and physics at the Faculty of Philosophy in Prague in 1875, where one of his professors was Ernst Mach. At 15, Mohorovičić knew Italian, English and French. Later he learned German, Latin, and Ancient Greek.<ref name="Bio"/>

Mohorovičić c. 1880
Detail of a commemorative plaque of Mohorovičić in Clementinum, Prague, Czech Republic

Career in education

He taught first at high school in Zagreb (1879–1880), then at the gymnasium (secondary school) in Osijek. From 1882, he taught for nine years at the Royal Nautical School in Bakar, near Rijeka. Work started or completed there was important to his later scientific career. From 1893, when he became a corresponding member of the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb, to 1917–18 he taught in the fields of geophysics and astronomy. In 1898 he became a full member of what was then the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb, where he was a private docent. In 1910 he became a titular associate university professor.<ref name="Bio"/>

Meteorology

In Bakar he was first exposed to meteorology, which he taught at the Royal Nautical School. This influenced him to the extent that he founded the local meteorological station in 1887. He made systematic studies and both invented and constructed instruments to observe precipitation in Croatia and Slavonia. At his own request in 1891, he was transferred to the secondary school in Zagreb where, in 1892, he soon became a head of the Meteorological Observatory in Grič and established a service for all Croatia, while teaching geophysics and astronomy at the university.<ref name="Bio"/><ref name="Meteo"/>

On 13 March 1892, he observed the tornado in Novska, which picked up a 13-ton railway carriage with fifty passengers and threw it 30 m. He observed also the "vihor" (whirlwind) near Čazma in 1898 and studied the climate in Zagreb. Mohorovičić was the first person to describe atmospheric rotors with a horizontal axis, which he observed during bora-wind episodes in the northern Adriatic.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In his last paper on meteorology (1901), he discussed the decrease in atmospheric temperature with height. His observations of clouds formed the basis of his doctoral thesis On the Observation of Clouds, the Daily and Annual Cloud Period in Bakar presented to the University of Zagreb and which earned him his degree as doctor of philosophy in 1893.<ref name="Bio"/><ref name="Meteo"/>

Seismology

On 8 October 1909 an earthquake occurred with its epicenter in the Pokuplje region, 39 km southeast of Zagreb. A number of seismographs, installed beforehand, provided invaluable data, which led Mohorovičić to new discoveries. He concluded that when seismic waves strike the boundary between different types of material, they are reflected and refracted, just as light is when striking a prism, and that when earthquakes occur, two waves—longitudinal and transverse—propagate through the earth with different velocities. By analyzing data from more observation posts, Mohorovičić concluded that the Earth has several layers above a core. He was the first to establish, based on the evidence from seismic waves, the discontinuity that separates the Earth's crust from its mantle. This is now called the Mohorovičić discontinuity or (because of the complexity of that name) Moho. According to Mohorovičić, a layered structure would explain the observation of depths where seismic waves change speed and the difference in chemical composition between rocks from the crust and those from the mantle. From the data, he estimated the thickness of the upper layer (crust) to be 54 km.<ref>Template:Cite journal Mohorovičić had observed (p.28) that quakes seemed to generate two types of preliminary tremors (i.e., the earliest recorded tremors from a quake): one type was detected only by stations that were up to 300 km from the epicenter and other type was detected only by stations that were 700 km from the epicenter. After calculating the waves' transit times, Mohorovičić concluded (p. 38) that waves from earthquakes were being reflected by a discontinuity located approximately 50 km below the Earth's surface: "Ich entschied mich für eine abgerundete Tiefe von 50 km." (I decided on a rounded-off depth of 50 km.) </ref> Geophysicists subsequently determined that the crust is 5–9 km below the ocean floor and 25–60 km below the continents, which rest on tectonic plates. Subsequent study of the Earth's interior confirmed the existence of the discontinuity under all continents and oceans.

Mohorovičić assumed that the velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth. The function he proposed to calculate the velocity of seismic waves is called the Mohorovičić law.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He developed a method for determining earthquake epicenters<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and constructed curves giving the travel-times of seismic waves over distances of up to 10,000 miles from their source.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He also proposed the construction of a new type of seismograph for recording ground horizontal movement, but due to lack of funds the project was never realized.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

As early as 1909 Mohorovičić started giving lectures recommending standards that both architects and building contractors should follow - he was ahead of his time in setting some of the basic principles of earthquake-resistant design.<ref name="Bio"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mohorovičić's theories were visionary and were only truly understood many years later from detailed observations of the effects of earthquakes on buildings, deep focus earthquakes, locating earthquake epicenters, Earth models, seismographs, harnessing the energy of the wind, hail-defence and other related elements of the geological body of knowledge known as geoscience.

Legacy

The crater Mohorovičić on the far side of the Moon is named in his honour (since 1970). The Croatian training ship Andrija Mohorovičić (1972) and the Andrija Mohorovičić Gymnasium in Rijeka, Croatia (1992) are named after him, as was the asteroid 8422 Mohorovičıć (in 1996).

Works

See also

References

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Further reading

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