Androsterone

Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Use mdy datesTemplate:Cs1 configTemplate:Use PMID reference names Template:Infobox drug Androsterone, or 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, is an endogenous steroid hormone, neurosteroid, and putative pheromone.<ref name="pmid21489118">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is a weak androgen with a potency that is approximately 1/7 that of testosterone.<ref name="Scott1996">Template:Cite book</ref> Androsterone is a metabolite of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In addition, it can be converted back into DHT via 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, bypassing conventional intermediates such as androstanedione and testosterone, and as such, can be considered to be a metabolic intermediate in its own right.<ref name="HendersonPonder2003">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="pmid22170725">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Androsterone is also known to be an inhibitory androstane neurosteroid,<ref name="pmid22787590">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="pmid21094889">Template:Cite book</ref> acting as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABA_A receptor,<ref name="pmid17341652">Template:Cite journal</ref> and possesses anticonvulsant effects.<ref name="pmid15946323">Template:Cite journal</ref> The unnatural enantiomer of androsterone is more potent as a positive allosteric modulator of GABA_A receptors and as an anticonvulsant than the natural form.<ref name="pmid24705905">Template:Cite journal</ref> Androsterone's 3β-isomer is epiandrosterone, and its 5β-epimer is etiocholanolone. The 3β,5β-isomer is epietiocholanolone.

Biological function

Androsterone has generally been considered to be an inactive metabolite of testosterone, which when conjugated by glucuronidation and sulfation allows testosterone to be removed from the body, but it is a weak neurosteroid that can cross into the brain and could have effects on brain function.<ref name="pmid15946323" />

The view of androsterone as generally being of low significance however, seems to need review in the light of 21st century research, which suggests that androsterone significantly affects masculinization in mammalian fetuses. Masculinization of the external genitalia in humans is subject to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) derived via the recognised androgenic pathway and also via a backdoor pathway.<ref name=wj>Template:Cite journal</ref> Androstanediol, a metabolite of androsterone, can be used a marker of the backdoor pathway of DHT synthesis.<ref name="pmid32871622">Template:Cite journal</ref> Spectrometric studies identify androsterone as the main backdoor androgen in the human male fetus. Circulating levels are sex dependent, DHT being essentially absent in the female, in which titres of backdoor intermediates also are very low.<ref name="pmid30763313"/>

In males, backdoor intermediates occur mainly in the liver and adrenal of the fetus, and in the placenta — hardly at all in the testis. Instead, progesterone in the placenta is the main backdoor substrate for androgen synthesis. This also is consistent with the observation that placental insufficiency has been associated with disruptions of development of fetal genitalia.<ref name="pmid30763313">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Pheromone

Androsterone is found in the human axilla and skin as well as in the urine.<ref name="MaiwormLangthaler1992">Template:Cite book</ref> It may also be secreted by human sebaceous glands.<ref name="MaiwormLangthaler1992" /> It is described as having a musky odor similar to that of androstenol.<ref name="MaiwormLangthaler1992" /> Androsterone has been found to affect human behavior when smelled.<ref name="MaiwormLangthaler1992" />

Biochemistry

Biosynthesis

Androsterone and its 5β-isomer, etiocholanolone, are produced in the body as metabolites of testosterone. Testosterone is converted to 5α-dihydrotestosterone and 5β-dihydrotestosterone by 5α-reductase and 5β-reductase, respectively. The enzyme 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase converts the reduced forms to 3α-androstanediol and 3β-androstanediol, which are subsequently converted by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to androsterone and etiocholanolone, respectively. Androsterone and etiocholanolone can also be formed from androstenedione via the action of 5α-reductase and 5β-reductase forming 5α-androstanedione and 5β-androstanedione which are then converted to androsterone and etiocholanolone by 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, respectively.<ref name="pmid15946323" />

Metabolism

Androsterone is sulfated into androsterone sulfate and glucuronidated into androsterone glucuronide and these conjugates are excreted in urine.

Chemistry

Sources

Androsterone has been shown to naturally occur in pine pollen, celery, truffles and is well known in many animal species.<ref name="pmid16044944">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid2813372">Template:Cite journal</ref>

History

Androsterone was first isolated in 1931, by Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt and Kurt Tscherning. They distilled over Template:Convert of male urine, from which they got Template:Convert of crystalline androsterone, which was sufficient to find that the chemical formula was very similar to estrone.

See also

• Androgen backdoor pathway
• List of androgens/anabolic steroids
• List of neurosteroids § Androstanes
• List of neurosteroids § Pheromones and pherines
• 3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

External links

• Androsterone entry in the HMDB