Anglosphere

From Vero - Wikipedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use Oxford spelling Template:Use dmy dates

Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Anglosphere_Geometry.svg
The Anglosphere, according to James Bennett (The Anglosphere Challenge)<ref>Browning, Christopher S. and Tonra, Ben (2010) "Beyond the West and towards the Anglosphere?" In: Browning, Christopher S. and Lehti, Marko, (eds.) The struggle for the West: a divided and contested legacy. Abingdon, Oxfordshire; New York: Routledge, pp. 161–181. Template:ISBN: https://www.academia.edu/341929/Beyond_the_West_and_Towards_the_Anglosphere Template:Webarchive</ref> Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend

The Anglosphere, also known as the Anglo-American world,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> is a Western-led sphere of influence among Anglophone countries. The core group of this sphere of influence comprises five developed countries that maintain close social, cultural, political, economic, and military ties with each other: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Although extended definitions do include non-Western and developing countries that were once part of the British Empire and retained English influence and common law upon independence, the Anglosphere is a distinct grouping that is not simply synonymous with countries in which the English language has official status.

Anglosphere countries are generally aligned with each other on global issues and collaborate extensively in matters of security, as exemplified by alliances like Five Eyes. The core countries of the Anglosphere are either NATO members or designated by the United States as major non-NATO allies.

Definitions

The Anglosphere is the Anglo-American sphere of influence.Template:Efn The term was first coined by the science fiction writer Neal Stephenson in his book The Diamond Age, published in 1995. John Lloyd adopted the term in 2000 and defined it as including English-speaking countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, and the British West Indies.Template:Sfn James C. Bennett defines anglosphere as "the English-speaking Common Law-based nations of the world",Template:Sfn arguing that former British colonies that retained English common law and the English language have done significantly better than counterparts colonised by other European powers.Template:Sfn The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the Anglosphere as "the countries of the world in which the English language and cultural values predominate".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn Similarly, recent studies describe the Anglosphere as a non-continuous region united by the concept of a transnational imagined community, grounded in shared language, history, and cultural values.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with anglophone.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Better source needed

Core Anglosphere

The definition is usually taken to include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> in a grouping of developed countries called the core Anglosphere. The term Anglosphere can also include but frequently omits Ireland and the Commonwealth Caribbean countries despite their similar domestic primacy of the English language and common law.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:SfnTemplate:Excessive citations inline

The five core countries in the Anglosphere are developed countries that maintain close cultural and diplomatic links with one another. They are aligned under such military and security programmes as:Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Relations have traditionally been warm between Anglosphere countries, with bilateral partnerships such as those between Australia and New Zealand, the United States and Canada and the United States and the United Kingdom (the Special Relationship) constituting the most successful partnerships in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In terms of political systems, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have Charles III as head of state, form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and use the Westminster parliamentary system of government. The United States is a presidential republic. Most of the core countries have first-past-the-post electoral systems, though Australia and New Zealand have reformed their systems and there are other systems used in some elections in the UK. As a consequence, most core Anglosphere countries have politics dominated by two major parties.

Below is a table comparing the five core countries of the Anglosphere (data for 2022/2023):

Country Population Land area
(km2)<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> 		GDP Nominal
(USD bn)<ref name="auto1">Template:Cite web</ref> 		GDP PPP
(USD bn)<ref name="auto1"/> 		GDP PPP per capita
(USD)<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref> 		National wealth PPP (USD bn)<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">Credit Suisse figures adjusted using IMF WEO Oct 2021 GDP-PPP exchange rates.</ref> Military spending PPP
(USD bn)Template:Sfn
Template:Flag 27,755,659<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Nts 1,707 Template:Nts 65,366 Template:Nts Template:Nts
Template:Flag 41,692,575<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Nts 2,089 Template:Nts 60,177 Template:Nts Template:Nts
Template:Flag 5,342,802<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Nts 251 Template:Nts 54,046 Template:Nts Template:Nts
Template:Flag 67,081,234<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Nts 3,158 Template:Nts 56,471 Template:Nts Template:Nts
Template:Flag 342,537,739<ref name="auto">Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Nts 26,854 Template:Nts 80,035 Template:Nts Template:Nts
Core Anglosphere Template:Nts Template:Nts 34,059 Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
... as % of World 5.9% 18.4% 32.3% 20% 3.3× 24.9% 32.9%

Culture and economics

File:The police of England; as it was, as it is, and as it should be (IA policeofenglanda00blac).pdf Due to their historic links, the Anglosphere countries share many cultural traits that still persist today. Most countries in the Anglosphere follow the rule of law through common law rather than civil law, and favour democracy with legislative chambers above other political systems.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Private property is protected by law or constitution.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Better source needed

Market freedom is high in the five core Anglosphere countries, as all five share the Anglo-Saxon economic model – a capitalist model that emerged in the 1970s based on the Chicago school of economics with origins from the 18th century United Kingdom.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The shared sense of globalisation led cities such as New York, London, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Toronto to have considerable impacts on the international markets and the global economy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Global popular culture has been highly influenced by the United States and the United Kingdom.<ref name=":2" />Template:Better source needed Template:See also

Proponents and critics

Proponents of the Anglosphere concept typically come from the political right (such as Andrew Roberts of the UK Conservative Party), and critics from the centre-left (for example Michael Ignatieff of the Liberal Party of Canada).

Proponents

As early as 1897, Albert Venn Dicey proposed an Anglo-Saxon "intercitizenship" during an address to the Fellows of All Souls at Oxford.<ref>L. Dyer, "Anglo-Saxon Citizenship", The Barrister 3 (1897):107. Cited in Dimitry Kochenov (2019) Citizenship Template:ISBN, page 139.</ref> Template:Further The American businessman James C. Bennett,Template:Sfn a proponent of the idea that there is something special about the cultural and legal (common law) traditions of English-speaking nations, writes in his 2004 book The Anglosphere Challenge:

Template:Blockquote

Bennett argues that there are two challenges confronting his concept of the Anglosphere. The first is finding ways to cope with rapid technological advancement and the second is the geopolitical challenges created by what he assumes will be an increasing gap between anglophone prosperity and economic struggles elsewhere.<ref>Template:HarvnbTemplate:Page needed</ref>

British historian Andrew Roberts claims that the Anglosphere has been central in the First World War, Second World War and Cold War. He goes on to contend that anglophone unity is necessary for the defeat of Islamism.<ref>Template:HarvnbTemplate:Page needed</ref>

According to a 2003 profile in The Guardian, historian Robert Conquest favoured a British withdrawal from the European Union in favour of creating "a much looser association of English-speaking nations, known as the 'AnglosphereTemplate:'".Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

CANZUK

Template:Main Favourability ratings tend to be overwhelmingly positive between countries within a subset of the core Anglosphere known as CANZUK (consisting of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom),Template:Says who? whose members form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and retain Charles III as head of state. In the wake of the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union (Brexit) as a result of a referendum held in 2016, some politicians and organisations have expressed support for a loose free travel and common market area to be formed among the CANZUK countries.<ref name="ipol2">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Criticisms

In 2000, Michael Ignatieff wrote in an exchange with Robert Conquest, published by the New York Review of Books, that the term neglects the evolution of fundamental legal and cultural differences between the US and the UK, and the ways in which UK and European norms drew closer together during Britain's membership in the EU through regulatory harmonisation. Of Conquest's view of the Anglosphere, Ignatieff writes: "He seems to believe that Britain should either withdraw from Europe or refuse all further measures of cooperation, which would jeopardize Europe's real achievements. He wants Britain to throw in its lot with a union of English-speaking peoples, and I believe this to be a romantic illusion".Template:Sfn

In 2016, Nick Cohen wrote in an article titled "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit" for The Spectator's Coffee House blog: Template:"'Anglosphere' is just the right's PC replacement for what we used to call in blunter times 'the white Commonwealth'."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He repeated this criticism in another article for The Guardian in 2018.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Similar criticism was presented by other critics such as Canadian academic Srđan Vučetić.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2018, amidst the aftermath of the Brexit referendum, two British professors of public policy Michael Kenny and Nick Pearce published a critical scholarly monograph titled Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics (Template:ISBN). In one of a series of accompanying opinion pieces, they questioned:<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Template:Blockquote

They stated in another article:<ref name="ukandeu">Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:Blockquote

See also

Template:Div col

Template:Div col end Template:Portal bar

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Citations

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

Template:Wiktionary

Template:English official language clickable map Template:Territories of the British Empire Template:Western culture

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Anglosphere&oldid=168968"