Angolan Portuguese

Angolan Portuguese (Template:Langx) is a group of dialects and accents of Portuguese used in Angola. In 2005 it was used there by 60% of the population, including by 20% as their first language. The 2016 CIA World Fact Book reports that 12.3 million, or 47% of the population, speaks Portuguese as their first language. However, many parents raise their children to speak only Portuguese. The 2014 census found that 71% speak Portuguese at home, many of them alongside a Bantu language, breaking down to 85% in urban areas and 49% in rural areas.<ref name="observa" />

There are different stages of Portuguese in Angola in a similar manner to other Portuguese-speaking African countries. Some closely approximate Standard Portuguese pronunciation and are associated with the upper class and younger generations of urban background. Angola is the country with the second-highest number of Portuguese speakers, behind only Brazil.

File:Portuguese as a Native Language Angola.png

Portuguese as a Native Language in Angola - Geographical Distribution

Phonology

The standard phonology in Angola is based on the European standard, as in the rest of Lusophone Africa. Vernacular accents share similarities with Brazilian Portuguese and these similar features have historical reasons. As with Portuguese spoken in Mozambique, the Portuguese spoken in Angola is influenced by Bantu languages. However, the contemporary Standard European Portuguese is the preferred pronunciation, as such it has become a transitional dialect somewhat midway between the European and Brazilian varieties.

Vowels

Oral vowelsTemplate:Sfnp Front Central Back Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Close-mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Open-mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Open Template:IPA link

Nasal vowelsTemplate:Sfnp Front Central Back Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Open Template:IPA link

Oral diphthongs Endpoint Template:Small Template:Small Start point Template:Small Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:Small Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:Small Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:Small Template:IPA Template:Small Template:IPA Template:Small Template:IPA Template:Small Template:IPA

Nasal diphthongs Endpoint Template:Small Template:Small Start point Template:Small Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:Small Template:IPA Template:Small Template:IPA Template:Small Template:IPA

• The close central vowel Template:IPA occurs only at final, unstressed syllables, e.g. presidente Template:IPA.
• The open vowels Template:IPA and Template:IPA merge to Template:IPA, and likewise Template:IPA appears only in unstressed final syllables, unlike in European Portuguese, where it occurs in most unstressed syllables, e.g. rama Template:IPA. The nasal Template:IPA becomes open Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp
• In vernacular varieties, the diphthong Template:IPA is typically monophthongized to Template:IPA, e.g. sei Template:IPA < Template:IPA.
• In vernacular varieties, the diphthong Template:IPA is typically monophthongized to Template:IPA, e.g. sou Template:IPA < Template:IPA.

Consonants

• Template:IPAslink is often realised as Template:IPA, e.g. ninho Template:IPA, and nasalizes the vowel that precedes it.
• Word-final Template:IPA (Template:IPA) is dropped, especially by people who speak Portuguese as their second language.

Lexicon

Although most of the vocabulary is the same as in Portugal, Brazil or Mozambique, there are differences, many due to the influence of African languages spoken in Angola. In the capital, Luanda, indigenous languages are practically nonexistent.

Angola	Portugal	Brazil	Translation
bazar	ir embora, bazar (slang)	ir embora, vazar (slang)	to go away/home
garina	rapariga, miúda, gaja (slang)	garota, guria (in the south)	girl
jinguba	amendoim, alcagoita	amendoim	peanut
machimbombo, autocarro	autocarro	ônibus	bus
musseque	bairro de lata	favela	slum quarter
geleira	frigorífico	geladeira	fridge

Examples of words borrowed from Kimbundu into Angolan Portuguese include:

• Template:Lang 'house'
• Template:Lang 'chicken stew'

• File:AngolaLanguageMap.png

  Situation of Portuguese in each province of Angola: Template:Legend Template:Legend

  Template:Lang 'basket'
• Template:Lang, milongo 'medicine'
• Template:Lang 'crime'

Influence

File:Avenidalenin.jpg

Sign in Portuguese at the Avenida de Lenin (Lenin avenue) in Luanda

Many words of Angolan origin are used in other variants of Portuguese. Among these words are bunda (backside or "bottom"); fuba [fubá in Brazil] (maize flour); moleque ("kid"); kizomba and kuduro.

Various aspects of Brazilian culture – samba, candomblé and capoeira – all bear linguistic traces of this contact.

In Portugal, Angolan Portuguese has had a large influence on the vernacular of the younger population, contributing significant amounts of lexicon. Examples include:

• bazar ("to go away/home")
• garina ("girl")
• bumbar ("to work" in Angola, "to party" in Portugal; sometimes spelt as bombar)
• bué ("many", "a lot")
• iá ("yes")

Many of these words and expressions made their way to Portugal through immigration of black Angolans as a result of the Angolan civil war.

See also

• Portuguese language in Africa
• São Tomean Portuguese
• Kimbundu
• Cape Verdean Portuguese
• Televisão Pública de Angola

Bibliography

• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite journal

External links

• Cátedra "Português Língua Segunda e Estrangeira" — Bibliografia sobre o Português de Angola Template:In lang. Cátedra de Português Língua Segunda e Estrangeira. — Bibliography on Angolan Portuguese
• O Português na África — Angola Template:In lang. www.linguaportuguesa.ufrn.br
• Queta, Clemêncio. Alguns aspectos da língua portuguesa em Angola Template:In lang. Jornal de Angola.