Angklung
Template:Short description Template:Infobox instrument Template:Infobox intangible heritage Template:Music of Indonesia
The Template:Lang (Sundanese: Template:Sund) is a musical instrument from the Sundanese in Indonesia that is made of a varying number of bamboo tubes attached to a bamboo frame.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> The tubes are carved to produce a resonant pitch when struck and are tuned to octaves, similar to Western handbells. The base of the frame is held in one hand, while the other hand shakes the instrument, causing a repeating note to sound. Each performer in an Template:Lang ensemble is typically responsible for just one pitch, sounding their individual Template:Lang at the appropriate times to produce complete melodies (see Kotekan).
The Template:Lang originated in what is now West Java and Banten provinces in Indonesia, and has been played by the Sundanese for many centuries. The Template:Lang and its music have become an important part of the cultural identity of Sundanese communities.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Playing the Template:Lang as an orchestra requires cooperation and coordination, and is believed to promote the values of teamwork, mutual respect and social harmony.<ref name=":0" />
On 18 November 2010, UNESCO included the Indonesian Template:Lang in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, and encouraged the Indonesian people and the Indonesian government to safeguard, transmit, promote performances and to encourage the craftsmanship of the Template:Lang.<ref name=":0" />
Etymology
The word Template:Lang may have originated from Sundanese Template:Lang, suggesting the movement of the Template:Lang player and the onomatopoeic Template:Not a typo sound that comes from the instrument.<ref name="Indonesia travel">Template:Cite web</ref>
History
According to Dr. Groneman, the Template:Lang had already been a favorite musical instrument of the entire archipelago even before the Hindu era.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to Jaap Kunst in Music in Java, besides West Java, Template:Lang also exists in South Sumatra and Kalimantan. Lampung, East Java and Central Java are also familiar with the instrument.<ref name="Indonesia travel"/>
In the Hindu period and the time of the Kingdom of Sunda, the instrument played an important role in ceremonies. The Template:Lang was played to honor Dewi Sri, the goddess of Rice , so she would bless their land and lives.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Template:Lang also signaled the time for prayers, and was said to have been played since the 7th century in the Kingdom of Sunda. In the Kingdom of Sunda, it provided martial music during the Battle of Bubat, as told in the Kidung Sunda.<ref name=Awi>Awi-Awi Mandiri, The Spirit of Angklung, 2018</ref> The oldest surviving Template:Lang is the Template:Lang, made in the 17th century in Jasinga, Bogor. Other antique Template:Lang are stored in the Sri Baduga Museum, Bandung.<ref name=Awi /> The oldest Template:Lang tradition is called Template:Lang ("ancient Template:Lang") from Lebak Regency, Banten.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Template:Lang is an ancient type of Template:Lang played by Baduy people of the inland Banten province during the seren taun harvest ceremony.
In 1938, Daeng Soetigna (Sutigna), from Bandung, created an Template:Lang that is based on the diatonic scale instead of the traditional pélog or sléndro scales. Since then, the Template:Lang has returned to popularity and is used for education and entertainment, and may even accompany Western instruments in an orchestra. One of the first performances of Template:Lang in an orchestra was in 1955 during the Bandung Conference. In 1966 Udjo Ngalagena, a student of Daeng Soetigna, opened his Template:Lang ("House of Angklung") as a centre for its preservation and development.<ref name=Awi />
UNESCO included the Indonesian Template:Lang in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity on 18 November 2010.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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An illustration of a Baduy man playing a calung by Jannes Theodorus Bik, c. 1816–1846. -
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Template:Lang is an intangible cultural heritage element
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Varieties
Traditional Template:Lang
Template:Lang or Template:Lang or Template:Lang is an ancient Template:Lang originating from the Baduy in Lebak, the Banten province of Indonesia. This Template:Lang is used to accompany the ritual of planting rice on the fields passed down by their ancestors. Template:Lang are only made by the Baduy Dalam tribe who still maintain the pure traditions of their ancestors. The names of Template:Lang instruments in Kanekes from the biggest are: Template:Lang, and Template:Lang.<ref name="Kabupaten Purwakarta">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Lang is an Template:Lang that originates from the Dogdog Lojor culture found in the Kasepuhan Pancer Pangawinan community or Kesatuan Banten Kidul scattered around Mount Halimun. Template:Lang is used to accompany the tradition of farming, circumcision, and marriage. This Template:Lang is played by six players consisting of two players playing the Template:Lang and four players playing the large Template:Lang.<ref name="Kabupaten Purwakarta"/><ref name="CNN Indonesia">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Lang is an Template:Lang originating from Cipinang village, Cigudeg, Bogor, West Java. This Template:Lang is very old and is used to honor the goddess of rice, Dewi Sri. Template:Lang is played during Template:Lang (rice planting), Template:Lang (transporting rice), and Template:Lang (storage) in the Template:Lang (barn). According to legend, Template:Lang began to exist when Cipining village experienced a dry season because Dewi Sri did not make it rain.<ref name="Kabupaten Purwakarta"/>
Template:Lang is an Template:Lang originating from Garut, West Java. Initially, this Template:Lang was used for the ritual of planting rice, but now it has shifted to be used to accompany the preaching of Islam. It takes nine Template:Lang to complete the Template:Lang accompaniment process consisting of two Template:Lang, one Template:Lang, four Template:Lang, two Template:Lang, two Template:Lang, and two Template:Lang.<ref name="CNN Indonesia"/>
Template:Lang is an Template:Lang that originates in Bungko village, Cirebon, West Java. Template:Lang is played with other musical instruments such as kendang, Template:Lang and gongs. In ancient times, Template:Lang was a musical accompaniment to fights between villagers. The existing Template:Lang consists of three pieces which are believed to be 600 years old. This old Template:Lang is believed to have originated from Ki Gede Bungko, the elder of Bungko village, as well as the Commander of the Navy of the Cirebon Sultanate in the Sunan Gunung Jati era around the 15th century. This Template:Lang cannot be played anymore because it is fragile. The people believe that Template:Lang has magical powers. In ancient times, if a child was sick, when the Template:Lang was played around the village and accompanied by a dance, the child could recover on their own.<ref name="Kabupaten Cirebon">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Lang is a type of Template:Lang that is used for performing arts at parades or carnivals. The art of Template:Lang was born and preserved in Parakanhonje Village, Indihiang District, Tasikmalaya City, West Java. Under the care of the Kanca Indihiang Big Family, Template:Lang in its era around the 70s can be known everywhere.Template:Clarify The main function of Template:Lang in society is to entertain children before the circumcision ritual. Before the invention of local anesthetics, a child who was going to be circumcised early in the morning would be paraded to the pool (Template:Lang) to soak in it. Template:Lang would be played on the way to and from the pool as the people watched, similar to a parade.<ref name="Kota Tasikmalaya">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Lang is an Template:Lang used for entertainment, such as the Template:Lang in the Baros area, Arjasari, Bandung, West Java. The instruments used in the art of Template:Lang are two Template:Lang, two Template:Lang, Template:Lang, two Template:Lang, one Template:Lang, three Template:Lang (one Template:Lang, one Template:Lang, and one Template:Lang). Template:Lang, Template:Lang, and gongs have been added over time. The Template:Lang has a Template:Lang tone and a vocal song can be Template:Lang or Template:Lang.<ref name="Kabupaten Bandung">Template:Cite web</ref>
Initially, Template:Lang was used in agricultural events related to rice. Nowadays, Template:Lang is used as entertainment. This is related to societal changes and less emphasis on traditional beliefs. The 1940s can be considered the end of the ritual function of Template:Lang in honor of rice because it has since turned into an entertainment form. In addition, rice storage barns (Template:Lang) began to disappear from people's homes, replaced by sack places that were more practical and easy to carry. Many of the rice is now sold directly, not stored in barns. Thus the art of Template:Lang that was used for the Template:Lang (rice-carrying) ritual is no longer needed. The name of the Template:Lang is related to the well-known lyrics "Template:Lang". The text is part of the art of Template:Lang, so this art form is called Template:Lang.<ref name="Direktoral Jenderal Kebudayaan">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Lang or Template:Lang is a prototype musical instrument made of bamboo. In contrast to the Template:Lang which is played by shaking, the Template:Lang is played by hitting the rods (Template:Lang) of sections of bamboo tubes arranged according to Template:Lang (pentatonic scales), Template:Lang. Most commonly Template:Lang are made from Template:Lang (black bamboo), but some are made from Template:Lang (white bamboo).
The meaning of Template:Lang, apart from being a musical instrument, is also attached to the term performance art. There are two known forms of Template:Lang, namely Template:Lang and Template:Lang. This musical instrument is a traditional Sundanese musical instrument, which is also known and developed in the Banyumas region. When playing the Template:Lang, the player usually plays by sitting cross-legged, while a person playing Template:Lang carries the bamboo that has been lined up and plays it while standing. Initially, Template:Lang was performed to accompany Sundanese traditional ceremonies as a ritual for the celebration of the people of West Java, but with the development of the Template:Lang era, it began to be used as a musical instrument for entertainment.<ref name="Indonesia Kaya">Template:Cite web</ref>
Angklung Reog is a musical instrument to accompany the Reog Ponorogo Dance in East Java. Angklung Reog has a characteristic in terms of a very loud sound, has two tones and an attractive curved shape of rattan (unlike the usual angklung in the form of a cube) decorated with beautiful colored fringed threads. It is said that angklung was a weapon from the kingdom of Bantarangin against the kingdom of Lodaya in the 11th century, when the victory by the kingdom of Bantarangin was happy, the soldiers were no exception, the angklung holder was no exception, because of the extraordinary strength of the reinforcement of the rope, it loosened to produce a distinctive sound, namely klong-klok. and klung-kluk when heard will feel spiritual vibrations.
Is a type of Angklung Reog from Sambit, Ponorogo. Shaped like Angklung Reyog but arranged from small to the largest angklung with various tones, Gong Gumbeng Angklung is the first and oldest type of pitched angklung. A set of angklung Gong Gumbeng that is more than 250 years old is now stored in the Sri Baduga Bandung Museum.
Balinese angklung called Rindik has a distinctive Balinese shape and tone. The angklung Rindik is played by hitting the bamboo like a gamelan. Rindik Bali was originally Angklung Reog from Ponorogo who was brought by later Majapahit officials.
Modern Template:Lang or Template:Lang
Template:Lang is a musical instrument made of bamboo which is a modern variant of Template:Lang. Traditional Template:Lang used the Template:Lang, and Template:Lang scales. In 1938, Daeng Soetigna made an innovation so that the Template:Lang could play diatonic notes. To appreciate his work, this Template:Lang was named Template:Lang, which comes from the words Template:Lang (father, respected adult male) and Template:Lang (the inventor's name). The tuning used is diatonic, according to the western music system, and can even be presented in an orchestral form.<ref name="Kabupaten Purwakarta"/>
In line with music theory, the Template:Lang is divided into two groups: the melodic Template:Lang and the Template:Lang. A melody Template:Lang specifically consists of two sound tubes with a pitch difference of one octave. In one Template:Lang unit, generally there are 31 small melodic Template:Lang and 11 large melodic Template:Lang. Meanwhile, the Template:Lang is used as an accompaniment to play harmonic tones. The voice tube consists of three to four, according to a diatonic chord. After Daeng Soetigna's innovation, other reforms continued to develop. Some of them are Template:Lang, and Template:Lang. After Daeng Soetigna, one of his students, Udjo Ngalagena, continued his efforts by establishing Template:Lang in the Bandung area. To this day, the area known as Template:Lang is still a center of creativity with regard to Template:Lang.
Template:Lang is a term for Template:Lang that only uses round tones (without chromatic tones) with a basic tone of C. The small unit of Template:Lang contains 8 angklung (Low to High Do tones), while Template:Lang plus contains 13 angklung (Low to High Sol until High mi).<ref name="Kumparan">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Lang is a musical ensemble of various musical instruments made of bamboo. Template:Lang was born around the 1960s in West Java, Indonesia, and is now a typical West Javanese musical instrument. In 1964, Yoes Roesadi and his friends formed a musical group that specifically added angklung to its ensemble line. They got the idea to call themselves the Arumba group (Alunan Rumpun Bambu – Strains of Bamboo). With the passage of time, the term arumba finally stuck as an ensemble of bamboo music from West Java. Template:Lang is a term for a set of musical instruments consisting of at least:<ref name="UM Surabaya">Template:Cite web</ref>
- ) Angklung – One unit of melody angklung, hung so that it can be played by one person
- ) Lodong (big bamboo) – One lodong bass unit, also lined up so that it can be played by one person
- ) Gambang I – Melody bamboo xylophone
- ) Gambang II – Companion bamboo xylophone
- ) Kendang – Traditional drum
Template:Lang is a new innovation from conventional angklung which was already legendary. The difference between Angklung toel and the angklung that people have known so far lies in its placement. This angklung has a waist-high frame with several angklungs lined up upside down and given a rubber band. How to play it is quite unique, almost similar to playing the piano. People who want to play Template:Lang simply 'touch' (toel) the angklung according to the tone and the angklung will vibrate for a while because of the rubber.<ref name="kumparan">Template:Cite web</ref>
Angklung toel was created by Kang Yayan Udjo from Saung Angklung Udjo in 2008. With this Angklung toel, giving a new color to the world of angklung, this type of angklung makes playing it easier and simpler.
Template:Lang was created from the idea of Eko Mursito Budi for the purposes of angklung robots. One angklung uses two or more sound tubes with the same tone, so that it will produce a pure tone (mono-tonal).<ref name="kumparan">Template:Cite web</ref> This is different from the multi-tonal in angklung Padaeng. With this simple idea, the robot can easily play a combination of several angklungs simultaneously to imitate the effects of melodic angklung and accompaniment angklung.
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Template:Lang performance in Batavia (now Jakarta), c. 1910–1930. -
Template:Lang display. -
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Template:Lang performance in West Java.
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Notations
Sundanese Daminatila
It's a kind of numbered musical notation like the solfège, but it uses a different system: high numbers correspond to low tones, and vice versa. This system might seem to be counterintuitive to people who are already familiar with the western solfège. There are only 5 notes used in each scales: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, read as da, mi, na, ti, and la. The absolute tones depend on the scale used and the base frequency, which don't adhere to western standards. Traditional angklung have some common scales: saléndro, degung/pélog, and sorog/madenda.
Diatonic
Diatonic notation for angklung use a numbered musical notation in Indonesia, similar notation like Jianpu, but with some different standards, like the placement of rhythm lines positions and chord notations. The musical notation is written based on movable do. The musical notation displays 1 as relative do, 2 as relative re, etc. Higher octave marked with a dot above, and lower octave marked with a dot below.
Also, some alternatives notations is writing the exact written numbers on the single angklung to the musical sheet, usually marked 0–31, 0 is the lowest tone and 31 is the highest tone.
Some angklung types contains more than one notes usually marked with English chord notation, like C, Dm, Em, F, G, G7, Am, etc. This type of angklung is used for accompanying a musical piece.
Cultural context
The creation and existence of Template:Lang is something that is very important in the culture of the Indonesian people, especially the Sundanese people. At first, the function and manufacture of Template:Lang were intended for certain events or ceremonies related to traditional ceremonies and rituals. Now, Template:Lang has developed into traditional and modern musical instruments that are in demand not only by the people of Indonesia but also the world. The following are some of the functions of angklung in Indonesian culture:
Offerings for Dewi Sri
In the old Sundanese tradition, angklung is played as a form of calling to Dewi Sri, a figure described as the goddess of fertility, who believed will gives blessings to rice plants so that they are fertile and prosperous for the community. The ceremony usually take place during Seren Taun rice harvesting and planting ceremony. This tradition is still carried out by the Baduy or Kanekes tribe, which is the remnant of the old Sundanese that still exists.
Template:Lang center
One of the largest angklung conservation and development centers is Saung Angklung Udjo (SAU). Founded in 1966 by Udjo Ngalagena and his wife Uum Sumiati, with the aim of preserving the traditional Sundanese arts and culture, especially angklung. SAU is located at Jalan Padasuka 118, East Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.
SAU is a complete cultural and educational tourism destination because SAU has a performance arena, a bamboo craft center, and a workshop for bamboo musical instruments. In addition, the presence of SAU in Bandung is more meaningful because of his concern to continue to preserve and develop Sundanese culture – especially Angklung – in the community through education and training facilities.<ref name="Saung Angklung Udjo">Template:Cite web</ref>
SAU holds regular performances every afternoon. This show contains spectacular performances such as a wayang golek demonstration, a helaran ceremony, traditional dance art, beginner angklung, orchestra angklung, mass angklung, and arumba. In addition to regular performances every afternoon, Saung Angklung Udjo has repeatedly held various special performances that are performed in the morning or afternoon. The show is not limited to being held at the Saung Angklung Udjo, but also at various places both at domestic and abroad. SAU is not limited to performing arts but also sells various products of traditional bamboo musical instruments such as angklung, arumba, calung, and many more.
Gamelan Template:Lang
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In Bali, an ensemble of Template:Lang is called a Template:Lang. While the ensemble gets its name from the bamboo shakers, they are nowadays rarely included outside of East Bali. An ensemble of mostly bronze metallophones is used instead, generally with about 20 musicians.
While the instrumentation of the Template:Lang is similar to gamelan gong kebyar, there are several critical differences. The instruments in the Template:Lang are tuned to a 5-tone Template:Lang scale, although most ensembles use a four-tone mode of the five-tone scale played on instruments with four keys. An exception is the five-tone Template:Lang from the north of Bali, which is what as many as seven keys.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In four-tone Template:Lang groups, the flute players will occasionally use an implied fifth tone. Additionally, whereas many of the instruments in Template:Lang span multiple octaves of its pentatonic scale, most Template:Lang instruments only contain one octave, although some five-tone ensembles have roughly an octave and a half. The instruments are considerably smaller than those of the Template:Lang.
Template:Lang is heard in Balinese temples, where it supplies musical accompaniment to temple anniversaries (Template:Lang). It is also characteristic of rituals related to death (Template:Lang), and is therefore connected in Balinese culture to the invisible spiritual realm and transitions from life to death and beyond. Because of their portability, Template:Lang instruments may be carried in processions while a funeral bier is carried from temporary burial in a cemetery to the cremation site. The musicians also often play music to accompany the cremation ceremony. Thus, many Balinese listeners associate Template:Lang music and its Template:Lang scale with strong emotions evoking a combination of sacred sweetness and sadness.
The structure of the music is similar to Template:Lang, although employing a four-tone scale. A pair of Template:Lang metallophones carries the basic melody, which is elaborated by gangsa, reyong, Template:Lang, flute, and small drums played with mallets. A medium-sized gong, called Template:Lang, is generally used to punctuate a piece's major sections.
Most older compositions do not employ the Template:Lang's more ostentatious virtuosity and showmanship. Recently, many Balinese composers have created Template:Lang-style works for Template:Lang or have rearranged Template:Lang melodies to fit the Template:LangTemplate:'s more restricted four-tone scale. These new pieces often feature dance, so the Template:Lang is augmented with heavier gongs and larger drums. Additionally, some modern composers have created experimental instrumental pieces for the Template:Lang.
Outside Indonesia
In the early 20th century during the time of the Dutch East Indies, the Template:Lang was adopted in Thailand, where it is called Template:Lang. It was recorded that Template:Lang was brought to Siam in 1908 by Luang Pradit Pairoh, a royal musician in the entourage of Field Marshal Prince Bhanurangsi Savangwongse of Siam, who paid a royal visit to Java that year (27 years after the first state visit of his elder brother, King Chulalongkorn, to Java in 1871). The Thai Template:Lang are typically tuned in the Thai tuning system of seven equidistant steps per octave, and each Template:Lang has three bamboo tubes tuned in three separate octaves rather than two, as is typical in Indonesia.
In 2008, there was a grand celebration in the Thai traditional music circle to mark the 100th anniversary of the introduction of Template:Lang to Thailand. Both the Thai and Indonesian governments supported the celebration.
The Template:Lang has also been adopted by its Austronesian-speaking neighbors, in particular by Malaysia and the Philippines, where they are played as part of bamboo xylophone orchestras. Formally introduced into Malaysia sometime after the end of the Confrontation, Template:Lang found immediate popularity.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They are generally played using a pentatonic scale similar to the Indonesian slendro, although in the Philippines, sets also come in the diatonic and minor scales used to perform various Spanish-influenced folk music in addition to native songs in pentatonic.
At least one Sundanese Template:Lang ensemble exists in the United States. Template:Lang is an ensemble at The Evergreen State College, and includes eighteen double rattles (nine tuned pairs) and four Template:Lang drums.
World record
On 9 July 2011, 5,182 people from many nations played Template:Lang together in Washington, D.C., and are listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest Template:Lang ensemble.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On Saturday, 5 August 2023, Indonesia succeed to break the Guinness World Records of the world's largest angklung ensamble which was conducted by 15,110 participants at the Bung Karno Stadium, Jakarta. This grand event was attended by the Indonesian President Joko Widodo with the ministers of the cabinet.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Gallery
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Template:Lang players, Indonesia, 1949.
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Template:Lang Orchestra, Indonesia in 1971.
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Sundanese boys playing the angklung in 1918.
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Children with angklung players at Lake Bagendit.
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Template:Lang and dancers.
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Playing Angklung.
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Template:Lang orchestra at Saung Angklung Udjo, Indonesia.
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Template:Lang performance in Frankfurt, Germany.
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MKIF Angklung Group performance in Germany.
See also
References
Further reading
External links
- UNESCO: Indonesian Angklung
- Gamelan Sekar Jaya (excerpt about angklung) from Michael Tenzer's book Balinese Music
- Musical sample composed by I Nyoman Windha
- Saung Angklung Udjo
- Template:Usurped
- Template:Usurped
- Lancaster Angklung Orchestra, Lancaster, UK
- Template:Usurped
- Keluarga Paduan Angklung SMA Negeri 3 Bandung
Template:Gamelan Template:Indonesia UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage Template:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Template:Percussion Template:Indonesian musical instruments Template:Authority control
- Pages with broken file links
- Gamelan ensembles and genres
- Gamelan instruments
- Idiophones
- Indonesian musical instruments
- Music of West Java
- Culture of Indonesia
- Sundanese culture
- Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
- Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
- Indonesian words and phrases
- Indonesian inventions
- Asian percussion instruments
- Intangible cultural heritage of Indonesia