Lampung

Lampung (Template:Small: Template:IPAc-en; Template:Small: Template:IPA), officially the Province of Lampung (Template:Langx; Template:IPA), is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra. It has a short border with the province of Bengkulu to the northwest, and a longer border with the province of South Sumatra to the north, as well as a maritime border with the provinces of Banten and Jakarta to the east. It is the home of the Lampung people, who speak their own language and possess their own written script. Its capital city is Bandar Lampung.

The province covers a land area of 33,570.26 km² and had a population of 7,608,405 at the 2010 census,<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> 9,007,848 at the 2020 census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> and 9,419,580 (comprising 4,809,540 males and 4,610,040 females) according to the official estimates for mid-2024,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, Provinsi Lampung Dalam Angka 2025 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.18).</ref> with three-quarters of that being descendants of Javanese, Sundanese and Balinese migrants from Java and Bali islands. These migrants came from more densely populated islands in search of available land, as well as being part of the national government's Indonesian transmigration program, of which Lampung was one of the earliest and most significant transmigration destinations. The provincial population continues to rise by over 100,000 per year.

In 1883, the volcano of Krakatoa, located on an island in the Sunda Strait, erupted into becoming one of the most violent volcanic eruptions in recorded history, with disastrous consequences for the area and elsewhere, including estimates of human fatalities in the tens of thousands and worldwide temperature and other weather effects for years.

Etymology

The etymology of Lampung is unknown. But, in Batak, Lappung, meaning 'big', has been suspected to be related to the eruption of Mount Merapi, later becoming the name Lampung. However, the name of this province could come from the word Lampohwang.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Better source needed

History

Early history

Lampung was part of Srivijaya, with its regional capital in Jambi, which controlled much of maritime Southeast Asia until the 11th century.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The entry of the Banten Sultanate in Lampung in the 16th century marked the beginning of the spread of Islam in the region. Lampung is known for pepper, which at that time was in high demand. At that time, the Dutch began pressing for control of the region.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the 1930s, Lampung still accounted for 30% of the world's pepper production.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>

In 1610, the Dutch East India Company established a trading post in Banten and, later in the 17th century, began the forceful pepper cultivation in Lampung.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Dutch began to control the Lampung spice trade under Sultan Haji. The area was part of the Banten Sultanate until it was annexed by the Dutch in 1752, when it became known as the Residentie Lampoengse Districten.<ref name="hubert-herald">Template:Cite web</ref> It became part of the Dutch East Indies.

Under Dutch rule, transmigration programs were implemented. This program involved the migration of people from Java to Lampung. Many residents of Java moved to the transmigration sites located in the eastern region of Lampung.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The program was expanded after Indonesian independence in the 1960s. The Javanese brought cultural devices to Lampung, such as the gamelan and wayang.

After independence

Provinsi Lampung was created on 18 March 1964 with the implementation of the Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 3/1964, later becoming Undang-undang Nomor 14 Tahun 1964.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The province broke away from South Sumatra, and Kusno Danupoyo became its first governor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Geography

Anak Krakatoa

Lampung Province has an area of Template:Cvt, about the same size as the nation of Moldova or Russia's Bryansk Oblast.<ref name="cifor">Template:Cite web</ref> The province borders the Sunda Strait to the southeast and the Java Sea to the east. There are a number of offshore islands within Lampung Province, such as Legundi, Krakatoa, and Tabuan. These islands are located mostly in the Bay of Lampung. Pisang Island lies at the entrance to the Regency of West Lampung. There are 172 islands considered to be part of the province that have names.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The highest mountain in Lampung is Mount Pesagi, standing at Template:Cvt above sea level in West Lampung.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The river Way Sekampung is the longest river in the province, at Template:Cvt with a catchment area of Template:Cvt. Mount Krakatau is a volcanic caldera located in the Sunda Strait, close to the Lampung province. The Krakatoa erupted from 20 May until 21 October 1883, which caused landslides, producing high waves in the coastal area of Lampung.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Between 1969 and 1970, the total area of forest land in Lampung that had been used was 249,200 hectares. In 2000, there were 48 permits issued; in 1980, the number reached 76 permits.<ref name="cifor" /> The topography of the region in the western part is mostly hilly, while the eastern part is mostly a lowland area that is agricultural and swampy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1950, nine specimens per 100 square kilometres in Lampung were collected as part of botanical research.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Government and administrative divisions

Lampung Province, which was formed from the southern portion of South Sumatra Province in 1964, was initially composed of just three regencies (kabupaten): Lampung Selatan, Lampung Tengah and Lampung Utara (and one autonomous city, Bandar Lampung). A fourth regency (Lampung Barat) was created on 16 August 1991 from part of Lampung Utara, and on 3 January 1997, two further regencies were created: Tanggamus from part of Lampung Selatan and Tulang Bawang from part of Lampung Utara.

On 20 April 1999, two additional regencies were formed: Lampung Timur from part of Lampung Tengah and Way Kanan from part of Lampung Utara, as well as a second autonomous city, Metro, from another part of Lampung Tengah. A ninth regency (Pesawaran) was created on 17 July 2007 from a part of Lampung Selatan.

On 29 October 2008, three more regencies were formed: Mesugi and Tulang Bawang Barat from parts of Tulang Bawang Regency, and Pringsewu from part of Tanggamus Regency. A thirteenth regency (Pesisir Barat) was formed on 25 October 2012 from the west coast part of Lampung Barat Regency. These are all listed below with their revised areas<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, Provinsi Lampung Dalam Angka 2025 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.18).</ref> and their populations at the 2010,<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011" /> 2020<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021" /> and at the mid-2024 official estimates.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, Provinsi Lampung Dalam Angka 2025 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.18).</ref>

Area code	Name of city or regency	Area (km2)	Population census 2010	Population census 2020	Population estimate mid-2024	Capital	HDI 2018
18.71	Bandar Lampung City	183.75	881,801	1,166,066	1,214,330	Bandar Lampung	0.766 (Template:Fontcolor)
18.72	Metro City	73.21	145,471	168,676	175,710	Metro	0.762 (Template:Fontcolor)
18.02	Central Lampung Regency (Lampung Tengah)	4,559.57	1,170,717	1,460,045	1,525,090	Gunung Sugih	0.697 (Template:Fontcolor)
18.07	East Lampung Regency (Lampung Timur)	3,860.92	951,639	1,110,340	1,153,770	Sukadana	0.690 (Template:Fontcolor)
18.11	Mesuji Regency	2,200.41	187,407	227,518	241,600	Mesuji	0.628 (Template:Fontcolor)
18.03	North Lampung Regency (Lampung Utara)	2,669.30	584,277	633,099	659,890	Kotabumi	0.671 (Template:Fontcolor)
18.09	Pesawaran Regency	1,288.08	398,848	477,468	500,300	Gedong Tataan	0.649 (Template:Fontcolor)
18.10	Pringsewu Regency	617.19	365,369	405,466	424,680	Pringsewu	0.694 (Template:Fontcolor)
18.01	South Lampung Regency (Lampung Selatan)	2,227.38	912,490	1,064,301	1,119,310	Kalianda	0.678 (Template:Fontcolor)
18.06	Tanggamus Regency	2,947.59	536,613	640,275	670,370	Kota Agung	0.656 (Template:Fontcolor)
18.05	Tulang Bawang Regency	3,116.06	397,906	430,021	450,340	Menggala	0.677 (Template:Fontcolor)
18.08	Way Kanan Regency	3,522.11	406,123	473,575	497,260	Blambangan Umpu	0.666 (Template:Fontcolor)
18.04	West Lampung Regency (Lampung Barat)	2,107.99	277,296	302,139	315,920	Liwa	0.667 (Template:Fontcolor)
18.13	Pesisir Barat Regency	2,939.60	141,741	162,697	172,320	Krui	0.629 (Template:Fontcolor)
18.12	West Tulang Bawang Regency (Tulang Bawang Barat)	1,257.09	250,707	286,162	298,700	Panaragan Jaya	0.653 (Template:Fontcolor)
	Total Province	33,570.26	7,608,405	9,007,848	9,419,580	Bandar Lampung	0.690 (Template:Fontcolor)

The province has two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council. The Lampung I Electoral District consists of 6 of the regencies in the province (Tanggamus, South Lampung, Pesawaran, Pringsewu, West Lampung and Pesisir Barat), together with the cities of Bandar Lampung and Metro, and elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council. The Lampung II Electoral District consists of the remaining 7 regencies (East Lampung, Central Lampung, North Lampung, Way Kanan, Tulang Bawang, Mesuji and West Tulang Bawang) and likewise elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council.<ref>Law No. 7/2017 (UU No. 7 Tahun 2017) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.</ref>

In 2024, the General Elections Commission (KPU) determined 85 legislative candidates for the Lampung Province DPRD for the 2024–2029 period. The political party Gerindra Party has the most seats, winning 16 seats.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Agriculture

Robusta coffee beans, a type of coffee bean produced in Lampung

Major crops in the region include robusta coffee beans, cocoa beans, coconuts and cloves. This agriculture has included illegal growing in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In addition, nata de coco is also manufactured in the region by domestic companies. Rubber and palm oil are also harvested.

According to Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, in 2023, shrimp production in Lampung reached 59,613 tons.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Indonesia has black pepper and white pepper. Lampung declined its pepper export rate in 2021 to minus 37.5 percent in a year.<ref name="PutriAbidinSitumorang2023" /> As of 2023, Lampung accounted for 42 percent of Indonesia's overall pepper exports.<ref name="PutriAbidinSitumorang2023">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Culture

Lampung Province has 438 cultural heritage objects. There is an ancient site of the Islamic era in the form of an ancient cemetery in Bantengsari, East Lampung. Historical sites include the Tomb of National Hero Raden Intan II in South Lampung.<ref name="SyarifTrionoSaputra2024">Template:Cite journal</ref> The province has a Lampung Province Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2008.<ref name="SyarifTrionoSaputra2024" /> An example of traditional houses in Lampung includes Nuwou Sesat; the shape of the house was built to avoid potential animal attacks.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Clothing

Lampung traditional clothing

Lampung traditional clothing is divided into two customs: Lampung Saibatin and Lampung Pepadun. In general, Lampung women wear a set of traditional clothing consisting of kebaya, a belt and slippers. A set of jewelry is also worn. The men's clothing consists of a sleeved shirt, a headband and sandals.<ref name="mengenal-pakaian-adat-lampung-keunikan-dan-keindahannya">Template:Cite web</ref> Tapis is a woven cloth often worn by women as part of traditional clothing.<ref name="antaranews">Template:Cite web</ref>

Siger is a traditional golden crown worn by Lampung women during traditional events. Siger typically has either seven or nine curves at the top.<ref name="antaranews" /><ref name="bentuk-lambang-daerah">Template:Cite web</ref> Similarly, kopiah emas is a metallic cap with sharp edges at the top that is worn mostly by men. The cap is decorated with a flower garland. Keris, Indonesia's traditional weapon, is sometimes included as part of a decorative item in Lampung's traditional clothing sets.<ref name="mengenal-pakaian-adat-lampung-keunikan-dan-keindahannya" /> Sometimes, the clothing is also used in regional Lampung dance performances such as the Bedana Dance and the Sembah Dance.<ref name="mengenal-pakaian-adat-lampung-keunikan-dan-keindahannya" /> Melinting is another traditional Lampungese dance.

Melinting, a traditional dance in Lampung

Textiles

A Lampungese woman (right) wearing a Tapis sarong, with old coins hanging from the bottom

Lampung had a weaving tradition. Lampung weaving used a supplementary weft technique that enabled colored silk or cotton threads to be superimposed on a plainer cotton background. The most prominent Lampung textile was the Palepai, ownership of which was restricted to the Lampung aristocracy of the Kalianda Bay area.<ref name="Dallas" />

There were two types of smaller clothes, known as tatibin and tampan. Lampung textiles like Palepai, tatebin and tampan were called 'ship cloths' because ships are a common motif.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The ship motif represents the transition from one realm of life to the next, for instance, from boyhood to manhood or from being single to married, and also represents the final transition to the afterlife.<ref name="Dallas">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Tourism

Although tourism is not Lampung Province's main source of income, the administration has attempted to boost tourism from beaches, such as Flamboyant Tanjung Setia. There is also Pahawang Island and Sari Ringgung Beach. In 2010, 400,000 tourists visited Lampung Province, including ten thousand foreign tourists mainly from Australia and New Zealand.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Lampung also has a national park, the Way Kambas National Park; it is an elephant sanctuary in the district of Labuhan Ratu, East Lampung. The number of Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) living in the region has decreased. Way Kambas National Park was established in 1985.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The 15,000-capacity Pahoman Stadium is the main stadium in Lampung. The association football stadium opened in 1977.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Demographics

Lampung's three major ethnic groups are the Lampungese, Javanese and Sundanese. The Lampungese are the native ethnic group of the province. Languages used in the province include Indonesian (official), Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau and Lampung. According to the Indonesian census from 2010, the province of Lampung is 64.17% Javanese, 13.56% Lampungese, 9.67% Sundanese, 5.64% Malay, 0.53% Chinese and 6.43 Others.

Religion

A traditional mosque in Lampung

The 2022 data of Ministry of Religious Affairs found 96.09% of the population as adherents to Islam and 2,22% as Christian. The remainder includes Hindus (1.4%), Buddhists (0.27%), and "other", including traditional beliefs (0.02%).<ref name="RELIGION">Template:Cite web</ref>

Transport

Land

In the province of Lampung, the Bakauheni–Terbanggi Besar Toll Road spans from Bakauheni in South Lampung to Terbanggi Besar in Central Lampung along Template:Convert and was completed in March 2019.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Terbanggi Besar–Pematang Panggang Toll Road was constructed as part of the Trans-Sumatra toll road.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Most of the roads in Lampung Province are made of asphalt.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Lampung has a bus terminal at Terminal Rajabasa, as well as the Talbot terminal in Bandar Lampung. Lampung Province has a railway line between Bandar Lampung–Palembang, which is part of a railway network in South Sumatra operated by Kereta Api Indonesia.

Sea

In the province, there are several ports. The Port of Panjang is an import-export harbor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> About Template:Convert south of Bandar Lampung, lies the port city of Bakauheni at the southern tip of Sumatra. Located at the southern end of the Trans-Sumatra Highway, the Bakauheni port connects Sumatra to the Port of Merak in Java via sea transportation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Air

Radin Inten II International Airport is the only airport in the province.

Education

Schools in Lampung consist of kindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools/vocational schools, as well as universities, both state and private. Established in 1965, Lampung University is based in Bandar Lampung.

See also

• List of people from Lampung

Notes

<references group="note" />

Further reading

• Elmhirst, R. (2001). Resource Struggles and the Politics of Place in North Lampung, Indonesia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 22(3):284–307.
• Pain, Marc (ed). (1989). Transmigration and spontaneous migrations in Indonesia: Propinsi Lampung. Bondy, France: ORSTOM.
• Totton, Mary-Louise (2009) Wearing Wealth and Styling Identity: Tapis from Lampung, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College.

External links

• Early Indonesian textiles from three island cultures: Sumba, Toraja, Lampung, an exhibition catalog from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (available online as PDF)