Anusim
Template:Short description Template:Further Template:Italic title Anusim (Template:Langx, Template:IPA; Template:Singular masculine, anús, Template:Lang, Template:IPA; Template:Singular feminine, anusá, Template:Lang, Template:IPA), meaning "coerced", is a legal category of Jews in Halakha (Jewish law) who were forced to abandon Judaism against their will, typically during forced conversion to another religion (oftentimes Christianity). The term "anusim" is most properly translated as the "coerced [ones]" or the "forced [ones]".<ref name="e215">Template:Cite book</ref>
Etymology
The term anusim is derived from the Talmudic phrase da'afilu b'oneis (Template:Langx),<ref>Template:Cite Talmud</ref> connotating "a forced transgression." The Hebrew ones (Template:IPA) derives from the triconsonantal root Template:Script/Hebrew (aleph-nun-samekh), and originally referred to any case in which an individual had been forced into any act against their will. In Modern Hebrew, the word oneis typically means 'rape'; thus, "anusim" typically refers to rape victims, with the historical meaning applying only to the Iberian Jews forced to convert to Christianity.
The term anús is used in contradistinction to meshumad (Template:Langx): a Jew who has voluntarily abandoned Judaism in whole or part. The forced converts were also known in Spanish as cristianos nuevos and cristãos-novos in Portuguese. Converso or marrano, the latter meaning "pig" in Spanish, was used by Christians as a slur toward Anusim.
Related terms
Besides the term anusim, Halakha has various classifications for those Jews who have abandoned, or are no longer committed to, Rabbinic Judaism, whether or not they have converted to another religion.
The two most common descriptions are:
- "MinTemplate:-" (Template:Script/Hebrew)—or an apostate of Judaism—for a Jew who denies the fundamental existence of God; and
- "MeshumadTemplate:-" (Template:Script/Hebrew), literally "self-destroyed"—a heretic in Judaism; a Jew who deliberately rebels against the Jewish principles of faith and/or Halakha.
The main difference between a min, a meshumad, and the anusim is that the act of abandonment of Judaism is voluntary for a min and a meshumad, while for the anusim it is not. In contemporary Jewish culture, the term "anusim" has also been used to describe "reverse Marranos": Haredi Jews who are religious on the outside but are not necessarily practicing in private.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
History of use
The term anusim became more frequently used after the forced conversion to Christianity of Ashkenazi Jews in Germany at the end of the 11th century. In his religious legal opinions, Rashi, a French rabbi who lived during this period, commented about the issue of anusim.<ref name="Roth2002">Template:Cite book</ref>
Several centuries later, following the mass forced conversion of Sephardi Jews (those Jews with extended histories in Spain and Portugal, known jointly as Iberia, or Sepharad in Hebrew) of the 15th and 16th centuries, the term "anusim" became widely used by Spanish rabbis and their successors for the following 600 years.<ref>Medieval Jewish History Resource Directory</ref>
The term may be applied to any Jew of any ethnic division. Since the 15th and 16th centuries, it has also been applied to other forcibly or coercively-converted Jews, including the Mashhadi Jews of Persia (now Iran), who converted to Islam in the public eye but secretly practised Judaism at home.<ref>See Mashhadi Jewish Community History on MashadiRabbi.com</ref>
In the non-Rabbinic literature, the more widely known Sephardic anusim were also referred to as:
- "Conversos", meaning "converts [to Christianity]" in Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan and Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish).
- "New Christians", or Template:Lang in Spanish and Template:Lang in Portuguese (Template:Langx), which also encompasses converts from Islam.
- "Marranos", a term which refers to those conversos who practiced Judaism in secret and, as a result, were targeted by the Spanish Inquisition.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In rabbinic literature
The subject of anusim has a special place in rabbinic literature. In normal circumstances, a person who abandons Jewish observance, or part of it, is classified as a meshumad. Such a person is still counted as a Jew for purposes of lineage, but is under a disability to claim any privilege pertaining to Jewish status: for example, he should not be counted in a minyan, that is, a quorum for religious services.
Anusim, by contrast, not only remain Jews by lineage but continue to count as fully qualified Jews for all purposes. Since the act of the original abandonment of the religion was done against the Jew's will, the Jew under force may remain a kosher Jew, as long as the anús keeps practising Jewish law to the best of his/her abilities under the coerced condition. In this sense, "kosher" is the rabbinic legal term applied to a Jew who adheres to rabbinic tradition and is accordingly not subject to any disqualification.
Rabbinic legal opinions
Se‘adyá ben Maimón ibn Danan in the 15th century stated: Template:Blockquote
Hakham Joseph Shalom, writing in the 16th century, stated:
This is how it is with these conversos: They derive from the hope of Israel, despite the fact that they have been immersed among the idolaters. Their hope and righteousness endure forever (...) furthermore, when they come to be included among the Jews, they are simply circumcised; they are not immersed like converts who were never part of the Jewish people.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>
Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel, the Chief Sephardic Rabbi of the State of Israel, stated in the mid-20th century:
It follows that Uziel considered anusím as Jews, because only Jews can give or receive a get, a Jewish divorce. Maimonides stated in the Mishneh Torah Sefer Shofetím, Hilekhót Mumarím 3:3:
Current status
There is much controversy regarding the status of conversions today. While the chief rabbis are wary of converting large groups, there are some rabbis such as Haim Amsalem and Chuck Davidson who have done mass conversions of Bnei Anusim (descendants of original Anusim). In the United States Reform rabbi Jacques Cukierkorn is one of the leaders of the outreach movement to the descendants of those Crypto-Jews who wish to renew their ties with the Jewish people.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
See also
References
Further reading
- Template:Cite book (reissued by the publisher as: Epistles of Maimonides: Crisis and Leadership in 1993).
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite thesis
- Template:Cite book