Anyte

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Illustration of Anyte by Lucien Lévy-Dhurmer, for Renée Vivien's Les Kitharèdes

Anyte of Tegea (Template:Langx; Template:Floruit) was a Hellenistic poet from Tegea in Arcadia. Little is known of her life, but twenty-four epigrams attributed to her are preserved in the Greek Anthology, and one is quoted by Julius Pollux; nineteen of these are generally accepted as authentic. She introduced rural themes to the genre, which became a standard theme in Hellenistic epigrams. She is one of the nine outstanding ancient women poets listed by Antipater of Thessalonica in the Palatine Anthology. Her pastoral poetry may have influenced Theocritus, and her works were adapted by several later poets, including Ovid.

Life

No reliable information about Anyte's life survives, and she can only be approximately dated by the style of her work.Template:Sfn Based on this, and on possible imitations of her works in the second half of the third century BC, she is generally thought to have been active around 300 BC.Template:Sfn According to Julius Pollux,Template:Sfn writing in the second century AD, she was from Tegea in Arcadia.Template:Sfn An alternative tradition, recorded in the Greek Anthology, claimed that Anyte was from Mytilene on Lesbos.Template:Sfn Anyte's use of a Doric dialect, and mentions in her poem of Tegea and the Arcadian god Pan, suggest that a Tegean origin is more likely,Template:Sfn though Pollux may have simply assumed this on the basis of Anyte's mention of Tegea.Template:Sfn The story of a Lesbian origin was likely a later invention to link Anyte to Sappho.Template:Sfn

Only one story about Anyte's life is preserved. Pausanias claims that she was once visited by the god Asclepius while she was asleep, and told to go to Naupactus to visit a certain blind man there. On doing so, the man was cured, and he built a temple to Asclepius.Template:Sfn Marilyn B. Skinner suggests that Anyte in fact wrote a hymn to Asclepius, and that Pausanias' anecdote is a "garbled testimony" of that poem.Template:Sfn Though little is known about Anyte's life, more of her poetry survives than any other ancient Greek woman, with the exception of Sappho.Template:Sfn

Poetry

Twenty-five epigrams attributed to Anyte in antiquity survive,Template:Sfn one quoted by Julius Pollux and the remainder in the Palatine or Planudean Anthology.Template:Sfn Of these, nineteen are generally agreed to be by Anyte. Of the remaining six, four are attributed to both Anyte and another author in either the Palatine or Planudean Anthology,Template:Efn and two epigrams are attributed to Anyte by the Palatine Anthology, but are included without an author named in the Planudean.Template:Efn Of these six uncertain poems, two (AP 7.190 and 7.232) are considered possibly or probably by Anyte; the others are generally doubted.Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn It is likely that Anyte compiled a book of her poetry from her epigramsTemplate:Sfn – she may have been the first to do so.Template:Sfn The Greek Anthology twice refers to her as "the lyric poet", and Pausanias mentions her epic poetry, but neither lyric nor epic poetry by Anyte survive.Template:Sfn

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Anyte's poetry is composed in a mixed dialect, with elements of Doric and epic language, as well as some Atticisms;Template:Sfn it was common for Hellenistic poets to deliberately mix dialects in this way.Template:Sfn It is often interested in women and children, and Kathryn Gutzwiller argues that it was deliberately composed in opposition to traditional epigrams, which were by anonymous authors and from a masculine and urban perspective.Template:Sfn Accordingly, of five epitaphs written by Anyte which survive, only one marks the death of a young man, as was traditional in the genre; the remaining four all commemorate women who died young.Template:Sfn She is most famous for her epitaphs for animals and pastoral epigrams describing idyllic landscapes.Template:Sfn Two dedicatory epigrams by Anyte also survive.Template:Sfn

Anyte's poetry was, like that of her contemporaries, highly allusive, particularly referencing Homer.Template:Sfn She imitates the structure and syntax of Homer's poetry,Template:Sfn making use of Homeric vocabulary to write about personal and domestic themes.Template:Sfn For instance, Anyte's epigram 6, an epitaph dedicated to the unmarried Antibia, repeatedly echoes phrases from the Iliad and Odyssey.Template:Sfn She also echoes Homer in her frequent use of compound adjectives, such as her description of the poikilodeiros ("with a neck of many colours") snake in epigram 10.Template:Sfn Her work references Hesiod,Template:Sfn archaic Greek lyric and Attic drama,Template:Sfn and shows evidence that she was familiar with the epigrams of Simonides of Ceos and Anacreon.Template:Sfn Several of her epigrams allude to the works of Erinna, a female poet of the early Hellenistic period.Template:Sfn

Reception

Anyte's pastoral poems and epitaphs for pets were important innovations, with both genres becoming standards in Hellenistic poetry.Template:Sfn Her pastoral works may have influenced Theocritus, and both Ovid and Marcus Argentarius wrote adaptations of her poems;Template:Sfn the epigrammatist Mnasalces produced an epigram collection in imitation of Anyte.Template:Sfn An epigram by Posidippus on the death of a young woman references one of Anyte's poems as well as Sappho and Erinna.Template:Sfn Mary Maxwell suggests that the style of the Augustan poet Sulpicia was influenced by Anyte and her contemporary, Nossis.Template:Sfn Antipater of Thessalonica lists her in his canon of nine women poets.<ref>Palatine Anthology 9.26</ref>Template:Sfn According to Tatian, statues of Anyte were sculpted by Cephisodotus and Template:Ill.Template:Sfn

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Anyte's poetry was highly thought of by the Imagist poets, with Richard Aldington describing her in his translation of Greek and Latin poetry as the "woman-Homer".Template:Sfn Modern scholars have been more critical of Anyte's work, considering her subjects frivolous.Template:Sfn However, Josephine Balmer describes her poetry as "stunning", and argues that it demonstrates both education and technical skill.Template:Sfn H.D. adapted one of Anyte's epigrams in her poem "Hermes of the Ways";Template:Sfn she is one of the women included on Judy Chicago's Heritage Floor,Template:Sfn is represented in Anselm Kiefer's series Women in Antiquity,Template:Sfn and has a crater on Mercury named after her.Template:Sfn

Notes

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References

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Works cited

Further reading

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