Apical consonant

File:Apical, laminal and apicolaminal articulations.svg

Schematic linguograms of 1) apical, 2) upper apical, 3) laminal and 4) apicolaminal stops based on Template:Harvcoltxt, illustrating the areas of the tongue in contact with the palate during articulation (shown in grey)

An apical consonant is a phone (speech sound) produced by obstructing the air passage with the tip of the tongue (apex) in conjunction with upper articulators from lips to postalveolar, and possibly prepalatal.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp It contrasts with laminal consonants, which are produced by creating an obstruction with the blade of the tongue, just behind the tip. Sometimes apical is used exclusively for an articulation that involves only the tip of the tongue and apicolaminal for an articulation that involves both the tip and the blade of the tongue.Template:Sfnp However, the distinction is not always made and the latter one may be called simply apical, especially when describing an apical dental articulation.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp As there is some laminal contact in the alveolar region, the apicolaminal dental consonants are also labelled as denti-alveolar.

It is not a very common distinction and is typically applied only to fricatives and affricates. Thus, many varieties of English have either apical or laminal pairs of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (although the plosives {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, nasals {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and lateral {{#invoke:IPA|main}} tend to be apical, while the fricatives {{#invoke:IPA|main}} tend to be laminalTemplate:Sfnp). However, some varieties of Arabic, including Hadhrami Arabic in Yemen, realize {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as laminal but {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as apical.

Basque uses the distinction for alveolar fricatives. Mandarin Chinese uses it for postalveolar fricatives (the "alveolo-palatal" and "retroflex" series). Lillooet uses it as a secondary feature in contrasting velarized and non-velarized affricates. A distinction between apical and laminal is common in Australian Aboriginal languages for nasals, plosives and (usually) lateral approximants.

Most dialects in the Bengali–Assamese continuum distinguish between dental–laminal alveolar stops and apical alveolar stops. In Upper Assamese, they have merged and leave only the apical alveolar stops. In Western Bengali apical alveolars are replaced by apical post-alveolars.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the diacritic for apical consonants is a rotated dental diacritic, Template:Unichar.

See also

• Coronal consonant
• Laminal consonant
• Index of phonetics articles
• Voiceless apicoalveolar fricative
• Voiced apicoalveolar fricative

Bibliography

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite journal
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• Template:SOWL

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