Argumentum ad baculum

In 1940, Denmark led by prime minister Thorvald Stauning surrendered to Nazi Germany after six hours of fighting, believing further resistance would only result in the futile loss of more Danish lives<ref name="dethlef4">Henrik Dethlefsen, "Denmark and the German Occupation: Cooperation, Negotiation, or Collaboration," Scandinavian Journal of History. 15:3 (1990), pp. 193, 201–202.</ref>

Argumentum ad baculum (Latin for "argument to the cudgel" or "appeal to the stick") is a type of argument made when one attempts to appeal to force<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> One participates in argumentum ad baculum when one emphasizes the negative consequences of holding the contrary position, regardless of the contrary position's truth value—particularly when the argument-maker himself causes (or threatens to cause) those negative consequences.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is a special case of the appeal to consequences.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Argumentation scholar Douglas Walton states that many texts on the matter "take it for granted that ad baculum arguments are inherently fallacious" and continued that "some of the textbooks, especially some of the more interesting accounts, suggest that this type of argument may not always be fallacious, and cite instances where appealing to force or threat or fear could be reasonable in a given context. The issue raised by these provocative accounts is how one should distinguish between the fallacious and the nonfallacious use of the argumentum ad baculum".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Examples

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy gives this example of argumentum ad baculum:

If you don't join our demonstration against the expansion of the park, we will evict you from your apartment;

So, you should join our demonstration against the expansion of the park.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

The phrase has also been used to describe the 1856 caning of Charles Sumner, an abolitionist Senator, by one of his pro-slavery opponents, Preston Brooks, on the floor of the United States Senate.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

See also

• Argument from authority
• Formal fallacy
• In terrorem
• Legal threat
• Might makes right
• Proof by intimidation

References

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