Arirang

From Vero - Wikipedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template other

Arirang (Template:Korean/auto) is a Korean folk song.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> There are about 3,600 variations of 60 different versions of the song, all of which include a refrain similar to "arirang, arirang, arariyo" ("Template:Lang").<ref name=":2" /> It is estimated that the song is more than 600 years old.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref>

"Arirang" is included twice on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list, having been submitted for inclusion first by South Korea in 2012<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref> and then by North Korea in 2014.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="DPRK_Arirang">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2015, the South Korean Cultural Heritage Administration added the song to its list of important intangible cultural assets.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite news</ref>

The song is sung today in both North and South Korea and acts as a symbol of unity between the two nations, which are divided by the Korean War.

History

Origin and ethnomusicology

It is believed that "Arirang" originated in Jeongseon, Gangwon Province. "Arirang" as a term today is ambiguous in meaning, but some linguists have hypothesized that "ari" (Template:Korean) meant "beautiful" and "rang" (Template:Korean) referred to a "beloved one" or "bridegroom" in the ancient native Korean language. With the two words together, the term arirang meant "my beloved one".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This theory, supported by scholars such as Template:Ill,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> bears the song's legend. According to the legend, the name is derived from the story of a bachelor and a maiden who fell in love while picking camellia blossoms near the wharf at Auraji (Template:Korean)—a body of water that derives its name from the Korean word "eoureojida" (Template:Korean), which is closely translated to "be in harmony" or "to meet". For example, the body of water that connects the waters of Pyeongchang and Samcheok to the Han River is called Auraji.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Two versions of this story exist:

  • In the first one, the bachelor cannot cross Auraji to meet the maiden because the water is too high, so the two sing a song to express their sorrow.
  • In the second version, the bachelor attempts to cross Auraji and drowns, singing the sorrowful song after he dies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

According to Template:Nowrap, Arirang originated in the mountainous regions of Jeongseon, Gangwon, and the first mention of the song was found in a 1756 manuscript.<ref name="Howard2017">Template:Cite book</ref> The Academy of Korean Studies also shares the view that "Arirang" was originally a folk song of Jeongseon. Some Jeongseon locals trace the song further back, to the era of Goryeo.<ref name="encykor">Template:Cite web</ref>

Some believe that the song spread to Seoul and other regions of Korea when workers from Gangwon were sent to Seoul to rebuild the Gyeongbok Palace under the order of Prince Regent Heungseon of the Joseon period.<ref name="encykor" /> Others theorize that the words "arirang" and "arari" in the song's lyrics originate from the families of the workers during this period, who said "arirang" (Template:Korean) or "ananri" (Template:Korean) to the officials taking the workers from their Gangwon homes to the palace construction in Seoul, phrases that meant they couldn't be separated from their lovers or families, respectively.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to the Maecheonyarok (Template:Korean), recorded by Joseon scholar Template:Ill, it seems the song was widespread in the country by this time.<ref name="encykor" />

The South Korean literary scholar Yang Ju-dong has theorized that the term "arirang" came from the combination of "ari" (Template:Korean), the old Korean indigenous word that also meant "long", and "ryeong" (Template:Korean).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Some trace the term "arirang" to the name of Lady Aryeong, the wife of the first king of Silla, as the song could have evolved from a poem praising her virtues. Others have speculated that the term is linked to the Jurchen word "arin", meaning "hometown", or the name of an Indian god with a similar name.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite news</ref>

First recording

The first known recording of "Arirang" was made in 1896 by American ethnologist Alice C. Fletcher. At her home in Washington, D.C., Fletcher recorded three Korean students singing a song she called "Love Song: Ar-ra-rang".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> One source suggests that the students belonged to noble Korean families and were studying at Howard University during the period in which the recording was made.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Another source suggests that the singers were Korean workers who happened to be living in America during that time.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The recordings are currently housed in the U.S. Library of Congress.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Resistance anthem

During the Japanese occupation of Korea, it became a criminal offense for anyone to sing patriotic songs, including Korea's national anthem, so "Arirang" became an unofficial resistance anthem against Imperial Japanese rule.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Korean protesters sang "Arirang" during the March First Movement, a Korean demonstration against the Japanese Empire, in 1919. Many variations of "Arirang" that were written during the occupation contain themes of injustice, the plight of labourers, and guerrilla warfare. It was also sung by mountain guerrillas who were fighting against the occupiers.<ref name=":6" />

The most well-known lyrics to "Arirang" first appeared in the 1926 silent film Arirang, directed by Na Woon-gyu. Arirang is now considered a lost film, but various accounts state it was about a Korean student who became mentally ill after being imprisoned and tortured by the Japanese. The film was a hit upon its release and is considered the first Korean nationalist film.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Popularity in Japan

During the Japanese occupation of Korea, Japan experienced a craze for Korean culture and for "Arirang" in particular. Over 50 Japanese versions of the song were released between 1931 and 1943, in genres including pop, jazz, and mambo.<ref name=":6" /> Some Japanese soldiers were familiar with "Arirang" from their service in Japanese Korea, or from their interactions with forcibly conscripted Korean comfort women, labourers, and soldiers.

Musical score

<score vorbis="1"> \relative f' { \key f \major \time 9/8 \tempo "Lento" 4 = 140 \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" c4. ~ c4 d8 c4 ( d8 ) | f4. ~ f4 g8 f4 ( g8 ) | a4. g8( a g) f4 ( d8 ) | c4. ~ ( c4 d8 c d ) r8 |\break f4. ~ f4 g8 f4 ( g8 ) | a4 ( g8 ) f4 ( d8 ) c4 ( d8 ) | f4. ~ f4 g8 f4.| f4. ~ f4. r4. |\break c'4. ~ c c | c4. a4. g4. | a4. g4 a8 f4 ( d8 ) | c4. ~ ( c4 d8 c d ) r8 |\break f4. ~ f4 g8 f4 ( g8 ) | a4 ( g8 ) f4 ( d8 ) c4 ( d8 ) | f4. ~ f4 g8 f4.| f4. ~ f4. r4. \bar "|."} \addlyrics { 아 리 랑 아 리 랑 아 라 리 요 아 리 랑 고 개 로 넘 어 간 다 나 를 버 리 고 가 시 는 님 은 십 리 도 못 가 서 발 병 난 다} \addlyrics { 아 리 랑 아 리 랑 아 라 리 요 아 리 랑 고 개 로 넘 어 간 다 청 천 하 늘 엔 별 도 – 많 고 우 리 네 가 슴 엔 꿈 도 많 다} \addlyrics { 아 리 랑 아 리 랑 아 라 리 요 아 리 랑 고 개 로 넘 어 간 다 저 기 저 산 이 백 두 산 이라 지 동 지 섣 달 에 도 꽃 만 핀 다} </score>

Lyrics

All versions of "Arirang" include a refrain similar to "Arirang, arirang, arariyo (Template:Korean)".<ref name=":2" /> The word "arirang" itself is nonsensical and does not have a precise meaning in Korean.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While the other lyrics vary from version to version, themes of sorrow, separation, reunion, and love appear in most versions.<ref name="DPRK_Arirang" /><ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref>

The table below includes the lyrics of "Standard Arirang" from Seoul. The first two lines are the refrain, which is followed by three verses.

Original text in Korean

Hangul Hangul/Hanja Revised Romanization IPA transcription
<poem>아리랑, 아리랑, 아라리요...

아리랑 고개로 넘어간다.</poem>

<poem>아리랑, 아리랑, 아라리요...

아리랑 고개로 넘어간다.</poem>

<poem>Arirang, arirang, arariyo...

Arirang gogaero neomeoganda.</poem>

<poem>[a̠.ɾi.ɾa̠ŋ a̠.ɾi.ɾa̠ŋ a̠.ɾa̠.ɾi.jo̞]

[a̠.ɾi.ɾa̠ŋ ko̞.ge̞.ɾo̞ nʌ̹m.ʌ̹.ga̠n.da̠]</poem>

<poem>나를 버리고 가시는 님은

십리도 못가서 발병난다.</poem>

<poem>나를 버리고 가시는 님은

十里도 못가서 발病난다.</poem>

<poem>Nareul beorigo gasineun nimeun

Simnido motgaseo balbyeongnanda.</poem>

<poem>[na̠.ɾɯɭ pʌ̹.ɾi.go̞ ka̠.ɕi.nɯn nim.ɯn]

[ɕʰim.ni.do̞ mo̞t̚.k͈a̠.sʌ̹ pa̠ɭ.bjʌ̹ŋ.na̠n.da̠]</poem>

<poem>청천하늘엔 잔별도 많고,

우리네 가슴엔 희망도 많다.</poem>

<poem>晴天하늘엔 잔별도 많고,

우리네 가슴엔 希望도 많다.</poem>

<poem>Cheongcheonhaneuren janbyeoldo manko,

Urine gaseumen huimangdo manta.</poem>

<poem>[tɕʰʌ̹ŋ.tɕʌ̹n.ɦa̠.nɯ.ɾe̞n tɕa̠n.bjʌ̹ɭ.do̞ ma̠n.ko̞]

[u.ɾi.ne̞ ka̠.sɯm.e̞n çi.ma̠ŋ.do̞ ma̠n.ta̠]</poem>

<poem>저기 저 산이 백두산이라지,

동지 섣달에도 꽃만 핀다.</poem>

<poem>저기 저 山이 白頭山이라지,

冬至 섣달에도 꽃萬 핀다.</poem>

<poem>Jeogi jeo sani baekdusaniraji,

Dongji seotdaredo kkonman pinda.</poem>

<poem>[tɕʌ̹.gi tɕʌ̹ sʰa̠n.i pe̞k̚.t͈u.sa̠n.i.ɾa̠.dʑi]

[to̞ŋ.dʑi sʰʌ̹t̚.t͈a̠.ɾe̞.do̞ k͈o̞n.ma̠n pʰin.da̠]</poem>

English translation

Arirang, arirang, arariyo...
You are going over Arirang hill.
My love, if you abandon me
Your feet will be sore before you go ten ri.
Just as there are many stars in the clear sky,
There are also many dreams in our heart.
There, over there, that mountain is Baekdu Mountain,
Where, even in the middle of winter days, flowers bloom.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Variations

Template:Listen Template:Listen Template:Listen Template:Listen

There are an estimated 3,600 variations of 60 different versions of "Arirang";<ref name=":2" /> their respective titles are usually prefixed by their place of origin.<ref name=":3" />

While "Jeongseon Arirang" is generally considered to be the original version of the song, "Bonjo Arirang" (literally: Standard Arirang) from Seoul is one of the most famous. This version was first made popular when it was used as the theme song of the 1926 film Arirang.<ref name=":3" />

Other famous variations include "Jindo Arirang" from South Jeolla Province, a region known for being the birthplace of the Korean folk music genres pansori and sinawi; and "Miryang Arirang", from South Gyeongsang Province.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Official status

File:Arirang (USAS).ogg
"Arirang" performed by the United States Army Band Strings with a tenor soloist

China

In 2011, Arirang was added to the third batch of the "List of Representative Items of National Intangible Cultural Heritage of China".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2023, to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the founding of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Region, ethnic Korean singer Cui Liling published the first "Arirang" variation about Heaven Lake on Jangbaeksan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

UNESCO

Both South and North Korea have successfully submitted "Arirang" to be included on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list; South Korea in 2012<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> and North Korea in 2014.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="DPRK_Arirang" />

South Korea

In 2015, the South Korean Cultural Heritage Administration added "Arirang" to its list of important intangible cultural assets.<ref name=":5" />

File:Arirang.ogg
"Arirang" performed by the United States Army Band Chorus with a tenor soloist

U.S. Army

File:Arirang, Lyrics in English Adaptation-2 by GSIT at HUFS in 2013, sung by HUFS students.ogg
"Arirang", lyrics in English, adaptation-2, by GSIT at HUFS in 2013. Adaptation of W. B. Yeats' poem "The Falling of the Leaves" into the "Arirang" melody to convey the woe and sorrow which the Korean people experience when listening to the song.

The U.S. Army's 7th Infantry Division adopted "Arirang" as its official march song in May 1956, after receiving permission from Syngman Rhee, the first president of South Korea. The division had been stationed in South Korea from 1950 to 1971, including during the Korean War period.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Music

Films

Media

Sports

Video games

References

Template:Reflist

Template:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/APA Template:Portal bar Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Arirang&oldid=209914"