Arnold Rüütel

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Arnold Rüütel (Template:IPA, 10 May 1928 – 31 December 2024) was an Estonian politician. He was the third President of Estonia from 8 October 2001 to 9 October 2006. Rüütel was the second president of the country after the end of the 1944–1991 Soviet occupation, and the restoration of the independent Republic of Estonia on 20 August 1991.

Biography

Rüütel was born in the village of Pahavalla in Laimjala Parish, Saaremaa, Estonia on 10 May 1928.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His parents were Feodor Rüütel (1900−1965) and Juulia Rüütel (1905−1990).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He graduated from the Agricultural College in Jäneda in 1949.Template:Cn

He worked as a senior agronomist in Saaremaa (1949−1950) and then as a teacher at the Tartu School of Agricultural Mechanization (1955−1957). In between those two jobs, he served his term in the Soviet Army. In 1957, he was appointed the director of the experimental farm of the Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, and in 1963 he was appointed director of the Tartu Reference State Farm, remaining in this position until 1969. He graduated from the Estonian Academy of Agriculture in 1964. From 1969 to 1977, Rüütel was rector of the Estonian Academy of Agriculture. He served as the last chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR (thus he was also one of the 15 deputy chairmen of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union) from 8 April 1983 to 29 March 1990.Template:Cn

On 29 March 1990, he was elected Chairman of the Supreme Council (head of parliament), after the first free elections in the then Soviet-occupied Estonia. He served in that position when Estonia restored full independence on 20 August 1991, and continued in office until 6 October 1992. In the independent Estonia, Rüütel was also a member of the Constitutional Assembly from 1991 to 1992, which drafted the new Constitution of the Republic of Estonia. He stood as a candidate in the first presidential election in 1992. In the first round, Rüütel received the best result, 43% of popular vote, but still short of required 50% majority. The second round was held in the parliament (Riigikogu), and there Rüütel lost in the presidential elections to Lennart Meri.Template:Cn

In 1991, Rüütel took his Doctorate in agriculture. He served as Chairman of the People's Union of Estonia from 1994 to 2000, and was elected as a member of parliament (Riigikogu), in 1995, where he acted as vice-chairman until 1997. He ran for president in the 1996 election (this time an indirect election with no popular vote) and lost to Meri once again.Template:Cn

Presidency

Rüütel was elected president by an electoral college on 21 September 2001, defeating Toomas Savi in the final round by votes of 186 to 155. Rüütel was inaugurated as President of the Republic on 8 October 2001. Rüütel announced in his election manifesto that his principal aims would be to reduce the negative effects that Estonia's speedy economic changes had had on a large number of people, and to seek greater solidarity within the society.Template:Cn

City and Country	Dates	Notes
List of diplomatic visits by Arnold Rüütel
Template:Flagicon Warsaw, Poland	6 November 2001	Working visit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flagicon Helsinki, Finland	20–21 November 2001	Official visit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flagicon Vilnius, Lithuania	15 January 2002	Official visit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flagicon Moscow, Russia	21 January 2005	Working visit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The end of Rüütel's term was overshadowed by several controversies. At the Independence Day military parade on 24 February 2005, Rüütel repeatedly congratulated soldiers on "Victory day" (Estonian Victory Day is on 23 June), which caused speculation about the then 77-year-old president's mental health.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In January 2006, Estonian Television reported that Rüütel's underage granddaughters had organized a party in the presidential palace and drunk alcohol.Template:Cn Later that year, the newspaper Eesti Ekspress published archived documents suggesting that Rüütel as a top functionary of the Estonian SSR was involved in the persecution of scientist Johannes Hint (later sentenced to jail in a show trial) by the KGB.<ref name="ekspress.ee">Template:Cite web</ref> Rüütel himself commented that he had tried to defend Hint.<ref>The President of the Republic of Estonia 2001–2006: Statement of the President of the Republic of Estonia on 5 September 2006 Template:Webarchive</ref>

As Rüütel's term was due to end in October 2006, he announced on 7 June 2006 that he would be a candidate for re-election, thus ending speculation as to his candidacy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In late August, the parliament failed to elect a President. The election of Ene Ergma and Toomas Hendrik Ilves by the parliament was blocked by Rüütel's supporters, who did not take out ballots. The electoral college met to vote for a president on 23 September. The latest opinion polls (September 2006) had suggested that Rüütel's popular support was around 31 per cent (Ilves' support was 51%); Rüütel was more popular amongst the elderly and the Russian-speaking minority.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the electoral college, Rüütel received 162 votes against 174 for Ilves. Rüütel's presidency therefore expired at the end of his term, and Ilves took office on 9 October 2006.

Later activities

Rüütel voiced support for Mart Helme of the Conservative People's Party of Estonia in the 2016 Estonian presidential election.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Since leaving office, he has continued to meet with his former counterparts, including Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Moldovan president Petru Lucinschi.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On 26 June 2024, Rüütel left the Conservative People's Party of Estonia, with which he had been involved in its various forms for 30 years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Personal life and death

Rüütel was married to Ingrid Rüütel and had two daughters.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In his later years, Rüütel resided in Kadriorg. He died on 31 December 2024, at the age of 96.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The government accorded him a state funeral<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> on 11 January 2025.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was buried in Metsakalmistu.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>