Arthur Wynne
Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Infobox person Arthur Wynne (Template:IPAc-en; June 22, 1871Template:Spaced ndashJanuary 14, 1945) was the Liverpool-born inventor of the modern crossword puzzle.
Early life
Arthur Wynne was born on June 22, 1871, in Liverpool, England, and lived on Edge Lane for a time. His father was the editor of the local newspaper, the Liverpool Mercury.<ref name="Echo2017">Template:Cite news</ref> He emigrated to the United States on June 6, 1891, at the age of 19,<ref name="doi">Declaration of Intention [to become a naturalized US citizen] dated March 21, 1917, New Jersey State Archives</ref> settling for a time in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Template:Dead link<ref name=Roteiro>"Arthur Wynne, o Desconhecido Ilustre". Template:Webarchive</ref>
Career
While in Pittsburgh, Wynne worked on the Pittsburgh Press newspaper<ref name=Roteiro/> and played the violin in the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra.<ref name="obit">U.P. obituary dated January 15, 1945.</ref> He later moved to New York City and worked on the New York World newspaper. He is best known for the invention of the crossword puzzle in 1913, when he was a resident of Cedar Grove, New Jersey.<ref name="cedargrove">Jaegar, Philip Edward (2000). Cedar Grove. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. Template:ISBN</ref>
Wynne created the page of puzzles for the "Fun" section of the Sunday edition of the New York World. For the December 21, 1913, edition, he introduced a puzzle with a diamond shape and a hollow center, with the letters F-U-N already being filled in. He called it a "Word-Cross Puzzle."<ref name="augarde">Augarde, Tony (2003). The Oxford Guide to Word Games. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN.</ref>
Although Wynne's invention was based on earlier puzzle forms, such as the word diamond, he introduced a number of innovations (e.g. the use of horizontal and vertical lines to create boxes for solvers to enter letters). He subsequently pioneered the use of black squares in a symmetrical arrangement to separate words in rows and columns. With the exception of the numbering scheme, the form of Wynne's "Word-Cross" puzzles is that used for modern crosswords.<ref name="augarde" />
A few weeks after the first "Word-Cross" appeared, the name of the puzzle was changed to "Cross-Word" as a result of a typesetting error.<ref name="cedargrove" /> Wynne's puzzles have been known as "crosswords" ever since.
Later life and death
Arthur Wynne became a naturalized US citizen in the 1920s.<ref name="census">U.S. Census 1920, 1930</ref> He died in Clearwater, Florida, on January 14, 1945.<ref name="obit" />
Legacy
On December 20, 2013, he was honored with an interactive Google Doodle commemorating the "100th anniversary of the first crossword puzzle"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with a puzzle by Merl Reagle. Numerous other constructors also created tribute puzzles to Wynne to commemorate the anniversary.