Association for Computing Machinery

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The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is an international learned society for computing founded on September 15, 1947, and headquartered in New York City.<ref name="ah">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Misa2016">Template:Cite web</ref> The ACM is a non-profit professional membership group,<ref name="CharityNavigatorACM">Template:Cite web</ref> reporting nearly 110,000 student and professional members Template:As of.<ref name="ACM2025Distinguished">Template:Cite web</ref>

The ACM is an umbrella organization for academic and scholarly interests in computer science (informatics). Its motto is "Advancing Computing as a Science & Profession".<ref name="Misa2016"/>

History

In 1947, a notice was sent to various people:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:R

On January 10, 1947, at the Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery at the Harvard computation Laboratory, Professor Samuel H. Caldwell of Massachusetts Institute of Technology spoke of the need for an association of those interested in computing machinery, and of the need for communication between them. [...] After making some inquiries during May and June, we believe there is ample interest to start an informal association of many of those interested in the new machinery for computing and reasoning. Since there has to be a beginning, we are acting as a temporary committee to start such an association:

E. C. Berkeley, Prudential Insurance Co. of America, Newark, N. J.
R. V. D. Campbell, Raytheon Manufacturing Co., Waltham, Mass.
Template:Interlanguage link, Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.
H. E. Goheen, Office of Naval Research, Boston, Mass.
J. W. Mauchly, Electronic Control Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
T. K. Sharpless, Moore School of Elec. Eng., Philadelphia, Pa.
R. Taylor, Mass. Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, Mass.
C. B. Tompkins, Engineering Research Associates, Washington, D.C.

The committee (except for Curtiss) had gained experience with computers during World War II: Berkeley, Campbell, and Goheen helped build Harvard Mark I under Howard H. Aiken, Mauchly and Sharpless were involved in building ENIAC, Tompkins had used "the secret Navy code-breaking machines", and Taylor had worked on Bush's Differential analyzers.<ref name=robertson>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The ACM was then founded on September 15, 1947, under the name Eastern Association for Computing Machinery, which was changed the following year to the Association for Computing Machinery.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The ACM History Committee since 2016 has published the A.M.Turing Oral History project, the ACM Key Award Winners Video Series, and the India Industry Leaders Video project.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Activities

ACM headquarters are located at 1601 Broadway, Times Square, New York City.

ACM is organized into over 180 local professional chapters<ref name="ac">Template:Cite web</ref> and 38 Special Interest Groups (SIGs),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> through which it conducts most of its activities. Additionally, there are over 680 student chapters.<ref name="ac"/> The first student chapter was founded in 1961 at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette.<ref>Note: The school was then [1961] known as the "University of Southwestern Louisiana (USL)". (Its name was later changed [in 1999] to the "University of Louisiana at Lafayette".)</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Many of the SIGs, such as SIGGRAPH, SIGDA, SIGPLAN, SIGCSE and SIGCOMM, sponsor regular conferences, that serve as major publication venues in their respective fields. The groups also publish a large number of specialized journals, magazines, and newsletters.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

ACM also sponsors other computer science related events such as the worldwide ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest (ICPC), and has sponsored some other events such as the chess match between Garry Kasparov and the IBM Deep Blue computer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Services

Publications

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Proceedings for the 1970 ACM National Conference

ACM publishes over 50 journals,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> such as the Journal of the ACM which academic citation metrics rank among the top computer science publications,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and two general magazines for computer professionals, Communications of the ACM (also known as Communications or CACM) and Queue.

Other publications of the ACM include:

Communications transitioned from publishing primary research to focusing on broader industry perspectives. The publication has featured significant discussions and developments in computing history.

ACM has made almost all of its publications available to paid subscribers online at its Digital Library and also has a Guide to Computing Literature. ACM also offers insurance, online courses, and other services to its members.

In 1997, ACM Press published Wizards and Their Wonders: Portraits in Computing (Template:ISBN), written by Christopher Morgan, with new photographs by Louis Fabian Bachrach. The book is a collection of historic and current portrait photographs of figures from the computer industry.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Portal and Digital Library

The ACM Portal is an online service of the ACM.<ref name=portal>Template:Cite web</ref> Its core are two main sections: ACM Digital Library and the ACM Guide to Computing Literature.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The ACM Digital Library was launched in October 1997.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is the full-text collection of all articles published by the ACM in its articles, magazines and conference proceedings. The Guide is a bibliography in computing with over one million entries.<ref name=portal/> The ACM Digital Library contains a comprehensive archive starting in the 1950s of the organization's journals, magazines, newsletters and conference proceedings. Online services include a forum called Ubiquity and Tech News digest. There is an extensive underlying bibliographic database containing key works of all genres from all major publishers of computing literature. This secondary database is a rich discovery service known as The ACM Guide to Computing Literature.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

ACM adopted a hybrid Open Access (OA) publishing model in 2013. Authors who do not choose to pay the OA fee must grant ACM publishing rights by either a copyright transfer agreement or a publishing license agreement.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

ACM was a "green" publisher before the term was invented.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Authors may post documents on their own websites and in their institutional repositories with a link back to the ACM Digital Library's permanently maintained Version of Record.

All metadata in the Digital Library is open to the world, including abstracts, linked references and citing works, citation and usage statistics, as well as all functionality and services. Other than the free articles, the full-texts are accessed by subscription. In addition, starting on April 7, 2022, ACM made its publications from 1951 to 2000 open access through the Digital Library in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the organization's founding.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2020, ACM launched a major push to become a fully open access publisher by 2026. ACM restructured its pricing for the ACM Digital Library on the basis of publishing activity by affiliated lead authors in ACM's journals, magazines, and conference proceedings. Under this model, termed "ACM Open," institutions pay set fees for full access to ACM Digital Library contents as well as unlimited open access publishing by their affiliated authors. Authors not affiliated with a participating institution will be expected to pay an article processing charge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of May 2024, ACM reported that more than 1,340 institutions worldwide had signed on for ACM Open, putting ACM at just over halfway to meeting its target of 2,500 participating institutions by 2026.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Membership grades

Template:Main category In addition to student and regular members, ACM has several advanced membership grades to recognize those with multiple years of membership and "demonstrated performance that sets them apart from their peers".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The number of Fellows, Distinguished Members, and Senior Members cannot exceed 1%, 10%, and 25% of the total number of professional members, respectively.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fellows

Template:Main Template:Main list The ACM Fellows Program was established by Council of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1993 "to recognize and honor outstanding ACM members for their achievements in computer science and information technology and for their significant contributions to the mission of the ACM." There are 1,310 Fellows Template:As of<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> out of about 100,000 members.

Distinguished Members

In 2006, ACM began recognizing two additional membership grades, one which was called Distinguished Members. Distinguished Members (Distinguished Engineers, Distinguished Scientists, and Distinguished Educators) have at least 15 years of professional experience and 5 years of continuous ACM membership and "have made a significant impact on the computing field". In 2006 when the Distinguished Members first came out, one of the three levels was called "Distinguished Member" and was changed about two years later to "Distinguished Educator". Those who already had the Distinguished Member title had their titles changed to one of the other three titles.

List of Distinguished Members of the Association for Computing Machinery <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Senior Members

Also in 2006, ACM began recognizing Senior Members. According to the ACM, "The Senior Members Grade recognizes those ACM members with at least 10 years of professional experience and 5 years of continuous Professional Membership who have demonstrated performance through technical leadership, and technical or professional contributions".<ref>ACM Senior Members</ref> Senior membership also requires 3 letters of reference

Distinguished Speakers

While not technically a membership grade, the ACM recognizes distinguished speakers on topics in computer science. A distinguished speaker is appointed for a three-year period. There are usually about 125 current distinguished speakers. The ACM maintains a speakers bureau of approximately 125 experts from academia, industry, and government who present on topics within their areas of expertise.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The distinguished speakers program (DSP) has been in existence for over 20 years and serves as an outreach program that brings renowned experts from Academia, Industry and Government to present on the topic of their expertise.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The DSP is overseen by a committee <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Chapters

ACM has three kinds of chapters: Special Interest Groups,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Professional Chapters, and Student Chapters.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:As of, ACM has professional & SIG Chapters in 56 countries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:As of, there exist ACM student chapters in 41 countries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Special Interest Groups

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  • SIGACCESS: Accessible Computing
  • SIGACT: Algorithms and Computation Theory
  • SIGAda: Ada Programming Language
  • SIGAI: Artificial Intelligence
  • SIGAPP: Applied Computing
  • SIGARCH: Computer Architecture
  • SIGBED: Embedded Systems
  • SIGBio: Bioinformatics
  • SIGCAS: Computers and Society
  • SIGCHI: Computer–Human Interaction
  • SIGCOMM: Data Communication
  • SIGCSE: Computer Science Education
  • SIGDA: Design Automation
  • SIGDOC: Design of Communication
  • SIGecom: Electronic Commerce
  • SIGEVO: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation
  • SIGGRAPH: Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques
  • SIGHPC: High Performance Computing
  • SIGIR: Information Retrieval
  • SIGITE: Information Technology Education
  • SIGKDD: Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining
  • SIGLOG: Logic and Computation<ref>
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  • SIGMETRICS: Measurement and Evaluation
  • SIGMICRO: Microarchitecture
  • SIGMIS: Management Information Systems
  • SIGMM: Multimedia
  • SIGMOBILE: Mobility of Systems, Users, Data and Computing
  • SIGMOD: Management of Data
  • SIGOPS: Operating Systems
  • SIGPLAN: Programming Languages
  • SIGSAC: Security, Audit, and Control
  • SIGSAM: Symbolic and Algebraic Manipulation
  • SIGSIM: Simulation and Modeling
  • SIGSOFT: Software Engineering
  • SIGSPATIAL: Spatial Information
  • SIGUCCS: University and College Computing Services
  • SIGWEB: Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web

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Conferences

Template:Main category ACM and its Special Interest Groups (SIGs) sponsors numerous conferences worldwide. Most of the SIGs also have an annual conference. ACM conferences are widely recognized publication venues that typically maintain low acceptance rates.

For example, SIGGRAPH 2007 attracted about 30000 attendees, while CIKM 2005 and RecSys 2022 had paper acceptance rates of only accepted 15% and 17% respectively.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

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The ACM is a co–presenter and founding partner of the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing (GHC) with the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref>

Some conferences are hosted by ACM student branches; this includes Reflections Projections, which is hosted by UIUC ACM.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In addition, ACM sponsors regional conferences. Regional conferences facilitate increased opportunities for collaboration between nearby institutions and they are well attended.

For additional non-ACM conferences, see this list of computer science conferences.

Awards

The ACM presents or co–presents a number of awards for technical and professional achievements and contributions in computer science and information technology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col

Template:Div col end Over 30 of ACM's Special Interest Groups also award individuals for their contributions with a few listed below.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col

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Leadership

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The President of ACM for 2022–2024 is Yannis Ioannidis, Professor at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He is successor of Gabriele Kotsis (2020–2022), Professor at the Johannes Kepler University Linz; Cherri M. Pancake (2018–2020), professor emeritus at Oregon State University and Director of the Northwest Alliance for Computational Science and Engineering (NACSE); Vicki L. Hanson (2016–2018), Distinguished Professor at the Rochester Institute of Technology and visiting professor at the University of Dundee; Alexander L. Wolf (2014–2016), Dean of the Jack Baskin School of Engineering at the University of California, Santa Cruz; Vint Cerf (2012–2014), American computer scientist and Internet pioneer; Alain Chesnais (2010–2012); and Dame Wendy Hall of the University of Southampton, UK (2008–2010).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

ACM is led by a council consisting of the president, vice-president, treasurer, past president, SIG Governing Board Chair, Publications Board Chair, three representatives of the SIG Governing Board, and seven Members-At-Large. This institution is often referred to simply as "Council" in Communications of the ACM.

Infrastructure

ACM has numerous boards, committees, and task forces which run the organization:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

  1. ACM Council
  2. ACM Executive Committee
  3. Digital Library Board
  4. Education Board

l Practitioner Board l Publications Board 

SIG Governing BoarDEI Council
ACM Technology Policy Council
ACM Representatives to Other Organizations
Computer Science Teachers Association

ACM Council on Women in Computing

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ACM-W,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the ACM council on women in computing, supports, celebrates, and advocates internationally for the full engagement of women in computing. ACM–W's main programs are regional celebrations of women in computing, ACM-W chapters, and scholarships for women CS students to attend research conferences. In India and Europe these activities are overseen by ACM-W India and ACM-W Europe respectively. ACM-W collaborates with organizations such as the Anita Borg Institute, the National Center for Women & Information Technology (NCWIT), and Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Research (CRA-W). The ACM-W gives an annual Athena Lecturer Award to honor outstanding women researchers who have made fundamental contributions to computer science.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This program began in 2006. Speakers are nominated by SIG officers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Partner organizations

ACM's primary partner has been the IEEE Computer Society (IEEE-CS), which is the largest subgroup of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The IEEE focuses more on hardware and standardization issues than theoretical computer science, but there is considerable overlap with ACM's agenda. They have many joint activities including conferences, publications and awards.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> ACM and its SIGs co-sponsor about 20 conferences each year with IEEE-CS and other parts of IEEE.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Eckert–Mauchly Award and Ken Kennedy Award, both major awards in computer science, are given jointly by ACM and the IEEE-CS.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They occasionally cooperate on projects like developing computing curricula.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

ACM has also jointly sponsored on events with other professional organizations like the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Criticism

In December 2019, the ACM co-signed a letter with over one hundred other publishers to President Donald Trump saying that an open access mandate would increase costs to taxpayers or researchers and hurt intellectual property. This was in response to rumors that he was considering issuing an executive order that would require federally funded research be made freely available online immediately after being published. It is unclear how these rumors started.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Many ACM members opposed the letter, leading ACM to issue a statement clarifying that they remained committed to open access,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and they wanted to see communication with stakeholders about the potential mandate. The statement did not significantly assuage criticism from ACM members.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The SoCG conference, while originally an ACM conference, parted ways with ACM in 2014<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> because of problems when organizing conferences abroad.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

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References

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