Athabasca River

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox river The Athabasca River (French: Rivière Athabasca) in Alberta, Canada, originates at the Columbia Icefield in Jasper National Park and flows more than Template:Convert before emptying into Lake Athabasca.<ref>"Ecology & Wonder in the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site", Robert W. Sandford, AU Press, Template:ISBN, page 160.</ref> Much of the land along its banks is protected in national and provincial parks, and the river is designated a Canadian heritage river for its historical and cultural importance. The scenic Athabasca Falls is located about Template:Convert upstream from Jasper.

Etymology

The name Athabasca comes from the Woods Cree word Template:Lang Template:Lang, which means "[where] there are plants one after another",<ref>Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 52</ref> likely a reference to the spotty vegetation along the river.Template:Citation needed

Course

The Athabasca River originates in Jasper National Park, in Lake Providence<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> at the toe of the Columbia Glacier<ref name=cgndb>Template:Cite cgndb</ref> within the Columbia Icefield, between Mount Columbia, Snow Dome, and the Winston Churchill Range, at an elevation of approximately Template:Convert. It travels Template:Convert before draining into the Peace-Athabasca Delta near Lake Athabasca south of Fort Chipewyan. From there, its waters flow north as Rivière des Rochers, then join the Peace River to form the Slave River, which empties into the Great Slave Lake and discharges through the Mackenzie River system into the Arctic Ocean. The cumulative drainage area is Template:Convert.<ref name=abrivers>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Athabasca River JNP.JPG
Athabasca River in Jasper National Park

The river flows along icefields and through gorges, offering wildlife habitat on its shores and in adjacent marshes. Throughout its course, it flows through or adjacent to numerous national and provincial parks, including Jasper National Park, Fort Assiniboine Sandhills Wildland Provincial Park, Hubert Lake Wildland Provincial Park, La Biche River Wildland Provincial Park, Grand Rapids Wildland Provincial Park, Richardson Wildland Provincial Park, and Wood Buffalo National Park. Its course is marked by rapids, impeding navigation southwest of Fort McMurray.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Numerous communities are on the banks of the Athabasca River, including Jasper, Brule, Entrance, Hinton, Whitecourt, Fort Assiniboine, Smith, Athabasca, Fort McMurray, and Fort McKay.

There are several crossings of the Athabasca River that are in use.

Tributaries

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Alberta's Rockies

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Central Alberta
  • Hardisty Creek
  • Fish Creek
  • Cache Petotte Creek
  • Tiecamp Creek
  • Canyon Creek
  • Ponoka Creek
  • Plante Creek
    • Apetowun Creek
  • Obed Creek
  • Oldman Creek
  • Nosehill Creek
  • Jackpine Creek
  • Berland River
    • Wildhay River
  • Beaver Creek
  • Marsh Head Creek
  • Pine Creek
  • Pass Creek
  • Two Creek
  • Windfall Creek
  • Chickadee Creek
  • Bessie Creek
  • Stony Creek
  • Sakwatamau River
  • McLeod River

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Northern Alberta

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History

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Sekani, Shuswap, Kootenay, Salish, Stoney, and Cree tribes hunted and fished along the river prior to European colonization in the 18th century. From about 1778, the Athabasca River, the Clearwater River, which enters the Athabasca River from the east at Fort McMurray, and the Methye Portage were part of a primary fur trade route from the Mackenzie River to the Great Lakes (see Canadian Canoe Routes (early)).

File:HBCScowAthabascaRiver.jpg
A Hudson's Bay Company scow in the Athabasca River, c. 1910

David Thompson and Thomas the Iroquois traveled through Athabasca Pass in 1811. In 1862, the Athabasca Springs area was crossed during the Cariboo Gold Rush by the Overlander Party.

The northern segment of the Athabasca River became part of a major shipping network in 1921 when the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway reached Waterways near Fort McMurray, making it the northernmost point on the North American railroad grid at that time. Cargo for destinations farther north was shipped to Waterways and transferred to barges, after which fleets of tugboats took them up the river to destinations in the Athabasca and Mackenzie River watersheds. Barge traffic declined after 1964 when Hay River, on the Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories, became the northern terminus of the rail grid.<ref name="RR_Atlas">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=FortMcMurrayTourism> Template:Cite news </ref><ref name=MontrealGazette1937-04-15> Template:Cite news </ref>

Environmental concerns

Owing to its proximity to the Athabasca oil sands, the river has seen significant amounts of energy infrastructure constructed along its course. On June 6, 1970, a pipeline operated by Great Canadian Oil Sands, the precursor to Suncor and the earliest commercial extraction operation, ruptured near the banks of the river. The total spill volume was estimated by Great Canadian Oil Sands at approximately Template:Convert.<ref>Province of Alberta, Alberta Government Committee Report on Great Canadian Oil Sands Oil Spill to Athabasca River June 6, 1970, Edmonton: Alberta Government, 1970. Page 3.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2012, an independent study concluded that the Athabasca River contained elevated levels of pollution downstream of the Athabasca oil sands. Testing showed this portion of the river contained mercury, lead, and 11 other toxic elements.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2021, another independent research was conducted on the streamflow and climate data sets for the Athabasca River Basin showing the seasonality of the streamflow and precipitation time series via wavelet analysis.<ref name="EG-JHRS">Template:Cite journal</ref> The seasonal components of these time series were shown to be coherent with phase discrepancy. The mean temperature had been gradually increasing since 1960, and it was projected to increase by approximately 2 °C during the mid-century, possibly reducing the snowpack volume during the spring.<ref name="EG-JHRS"/>

Coal mine spill

On OctoberTemplate:Nbsp31, 2013, a pit at the Obed Mountain coal mine spilled, and between 600 million and a billion litres of slurry poured into Plante and Apetowun Creeks.<ref name=vice>Template:Cite web</ref> The plume of waste products then joined the Athabasca River, travelling downstream for a month before settling in Lake Athabasca near Fort Chipewyan, over Template:Convert away.<ref name=vice />

Heritage

The river was designated a Canadian heritage river for its importance to the fur trade and the construction of railways and roads opening up the Canadian West, as well as for its natural heritage.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Clear

The Canadian Heraldic Authority named the position of Athabaska Herald after the river.

See also

References

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Template:Commons Template:Alberta rivers and lakes Template:Canadian Heritage Rivers System

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