Auckland City
Template:About Template:Use New Zealand English Template:Infobox settlement
Auckland City refers to two former territorial authorities based around Auckland, New Zealand. The first Auckland City, also known as the City of Auckland, existed from 1871 until the 1989 local government reforms when it was replaced with an eponymous authority that covered the whole Auckland isthmus, which lasted until 2010 when it was replaced with the region wide Auckland Council. The post-1989 authority was governed by the Auckland City Council and by the larger Auckland Regional Council.
The territory of Auckland grew from just covering the central business district to encompass suburbs such as Ponsonby and Parnell, although several suburbs remained independent boroughs until the 1989 local government reforms, when the nascent Auckland City was constituted as covering the entire isthmus and islands within the Hauraki Gulf such as Waiheke.
City of Auckland (1871–1989)
History
Auckland was constituted a city On 24 April 1871 under The Municipal Corporations Act, 1867 by Parliament.<ref name="barr">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:RP Previously Auckland was an independent borough.<ref name="barr"/>Template:RP
The boundaries of Auckland were Stanley Street, Symonds Street, Karangahape Road, Ponsonby Road, and Franklin Road. It was initially Template:Cvt in size. In 1882 it more than doubled in size by amalgamating the neighbouring highway districts of Ponsonby, Karangahape, and Grafton. The boundaries remained static until a period of multiple amalgamations between 1913 and 1921 resulted in an increase to Template:Cvt, an almost five-fold increase. These amalgamations were: 15 February 1913, Parnell Borough; 1 April 1913, Arch Hill Road District; 1 July 1914, Grey Lynn Borough; 1 March 1915, Remuera Road District; 1 October 1915, Eden Terrace Road District; 1 February 1917, Epsom Road District; 1 April 1918 Template:Cvt from West Tamaki Road District, to incorporate lake St John; 1 March 1921; 1 March 1921, Point Chevalier Road District.<ref name="barr"/>Template:RP<ref name="bloomfield"/>Template:RP Further amalgamations included Avondale Borough in 1 September 1927, West Tamaki and Orakei Road District in 1 April 1928.<ref name="bloomfield"/>Template:RP From 1928 to 1971 the city did not change boundaries except for harbour reclamations and the inclusion of the Auckland Domain and the loss of Template:Cvt to the Newmarket Borough.<ref name="bloomfield">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:RP By this point the city covered Template:Cvt.<ref name="bloomfield"/>Template:RP
By 1971 the city stretched from the Whau River in the West to the Tamaki River in the East; however, the city did not cover the entire Auckland isthmus due to the existence of several independent boroughs.<ref name="mteden">Template:Cite book</ref>
Wards
The City of Auckland used wards for electoral purposes from 1878 to 1903. Initially the city had three wards: East, West, and North, after the amalgamation of Ponsonby, Karangahape, and Grafton these districts were included as wards. In 1901 the Karangahape ward was abolished as the Municipal Corporations Act 1900 imposed a limit of 5 wards.<ref name="bloomfield"/>Template:RP
Coat of arms
Auckland City (1989–2010)
Geography
The mainland part of Auckland City occupied the Auckland isthmus, also known as the Tāmaki isthmus. The Waitematā Harbour, which opens to the Hauraki Gulf, separated North Shore City from the isthmus. The Manukau Harbour, which opens to the Tasman Sea, separated Manukau City from the isthmus. The distance between the two harbours is particularly narrow at each end of the isthmus. At the western end, the Whau River, an estuarial arm of the Waitematā Harbour, comes within two kilometres of the waters of the Manukau Harbour on the west coast and marks the beginning of the Northland Peninsula. A few kilometres to the southeast at Ōtāhuhu, the Tāmaki River, an arm of the Hauraki Gulf on the east coast, comes just 1200 metres from the Manukau's waters. Being part of the Auckland volcanic field, much of the isthmus is mantled with volcanic rocks and soils, and several prominent scoria cones dot the isthmus.
Many Hauraki Gulf islands were part of Auckland City. Such islands of the inner gulf included Rangitoto, Motutapu, Browns Island, Motuihe, Rakino, Ponui and Waiheke, while the outer gulf islands included Little Barrier Island, Great Barrier and the Mokohinau Islands.
Local government
In November 1989, central government restructured local authorities throughout New Zealand. After substantial protests and legal challenges, Auckland City was merged with eight smaller local authorities to form a new Auckland City Council. The new Auckland City had double the population of the old. However, amalgamation, forced onto local authorities often against their will, was criticised to have led to less democracy and higher rates for the same services.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10399953">Template:Cite news</ref>
A further restructuring and amalgamation brought all seven councils in the area and the Auckland Regional Council into one "SuperCity" (Auckland Council), starting 1 November 2010.Template:Cn
Demography
Auckland City was the most populous local authority in the country, with a population of 450,300 at 30 June 2010.<ref name="Pop">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2010 it was made up of 188 ethnic groups, making it New Zealand's most diverse city, and slightly more diverse than in 2007, when 185 ethnic groups had been counted.<ref name="CITYSCENEAUG2010"/><ref name="SUM">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2010, the life expectancy was 83 years for women, and 79.6 years for men, while the average age of the population was 33.4 years, with 35.9 years for the whole country.<ref name="CITYSCENEAUG2010"/>
In 2009, Auckland was rated the fourth-best place to live in the world, in human resources consultancy Mercer's annual survey.<ref name=Mercer> Quality of Living global city rankings 2009: Mercer survey. Template:Webarchive Mercer. 28 April 2009. </ref>
Economy
In the year to March 2009, Auckland City had 353,000 jobs, of which 26.3% was held by property and business services,<ref name="AucklandCityReport2009">"Auckland business and economy report 2009". Template:Webarchive City of Auckland. Retrieved on 15 September 2009.</ref> as well as 65,655 businesses, making up 13.1% of New Zealand's businesses and 16.2% of New Zealand's jobs.<ref>Eriksen, Alanah May. "Optimistic outlook for city economy." The New Zealand Herald. Tuesday 19 August 2008. Retrieved on 7 September 2009.</ref> Over 2009 to the month of March, Auckland City's unemployment rate increased to 5.6%, compared to the overall New Zealand unemployment rate of 4.5%. In addition the city's economic output declined by 2.4%.<ref name="AucklandCityReport2009" /> Gareth Stiven, the economic manager of Auckland City, stated that this was because the city's economy was heavily involved with service industries, such as banking and insurance, which were affected by financial crises.<ref>"Auckland's economy drags but recovery on way." TVNZ. Friday 14 August 2009. Retrieved on 7 September 2009.</ref> However, over the last five years of its existence, Auckland's economic growth averaged 1.4% each year, higher than the average of the region and the nation.<ref name="CITYSCENEAUG2010">Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2003 three of the ten largest companies in New Zealand (Air New Zealand, Fletcher Building, and Foodstuffs) were headquartered in Auckland City.<ref name="AucklandCityReport2003">"The Economy of Auckland’s Central Business District". Template:Webarchive City of Auckland. September 2003. 10 (20/77). Retrieved on 7 September 2009.</ref> Many large corporations were housed within Auckland CBD, the central part of Auckland City.<ref name="AucklandCityReport2003" />
Air New Zealand has its worldwide headquarters, called "The Hub", off Beaumont and Fanshawe Streets in the Western Reclamation;<ref name="Gibsonheadshift">Gibson, Anne. "Air NZ readies for headquarters shift." The New Zealand Herald. 14 August 2006. Retrieved on 26 August 2009.</ref><ref>Taylor, Colin. "Big piece of Viaduct for little guys." The New Zealand Herald. Saturday 21 October 2006. Retrieved on 5 March 2010.</ref> the airline moved there from the Auckland CBD in 2006.<ref name="Gibsonheadshift"/> In September 2003 Air New Zealand was the only one of the very largest corporations in New Zealand to have its headquarters within the Auckland CBD.<ref name="AucklandCityReport2003"/>
Administrative divisions
Auckland City was divided into seven wards; each of them consisting of the following areas, that were arranged electorally, starting from the west:Template:Efn
Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break
- Avondale-Roskill Ward:
- Avondale Community Board:
- Mount Roskill Community Board:
- Eden–Albert Ward:
- Western Bays Ward:
- Hobson Ward:
- Eastern Bays Ward:
- Tamaki–Maungakiekie Ward:
- Tamaki Community Board:
- Maungakiekie Community Board:
- Hauraki Gulf Ward:
- Great Barrier Community Board:
- Waiheke Community Board:
- Notes
Sister cities and friendship cities
Auckland City had six sister cities and two friendship city relationships.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> All of these cities except Hamburg (Germany) and Galway (Ireland) are located around the Pacific Rim.<ref name="sisters">International partnerships Template:Webarchive (from the Auckland City Council website. Retrieved 7 October 2006.)</ref>
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See also
References
- A Complete Guide To Heraldry by A.C. Fox-Davies 1909.
External links
- Auckland City Council website, the local authority for Auckland
- History of Auckland City by Graham Bush
- Heart of the City website by the Auckland CBD business' association
- Heritage Walks: The Engineering Heritage of Auckland, historic text, 360° panoramas and heritage imagery accessed through an interactive map