Azusa Street Revival
Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Use mdy dates Template:Pentecostalism The Azusa Street Revival was a historic series of revival meetings that took place in Los Angeles, California.<ref name="humble preacher">Template:Cite news</ref> It was led by William J. Seymour, an African-American preacher. The revival began on April 9, 1906, and continued until roughly 1915.
Seymour was invited to Los Angeles for a one-month engagement at a local church, but found himself barred due to his controversial views on baptism with the Holy Ghost after his first Sunday. He continued his ministry in the homes of sympathetic parishioners, and on the night of April 9, 1906, first one, then six others in his meeting began to speak in tongues and shout out loud praising God, so loudly that the neighborhood was alerted. The news quickly spread; the city was stirred; crowds gathered; services were moved outside to accommodate the crowds who came from all around; people fell down as they approached, and attributed it to God; people were baptized in the Holy Spirit and the sick were healed.<ref>Pentecostal Church of God General Bylaws, Historical Perspective, Section 3 and History. [1]</ref>
The testimony of those who attended the Azusa Street Revival was "I am saved, sanctified, and filled with the Holy Ghost" in reference to the three works of grace of Holiness Pentecostals, the original branch of Pentecostalism.<ref name="Synan2012">Template:Cite book</ref> To further accommodate the crowds, an old dilapidated, two-story frame building at 312 Azusa Street in the industrial section of the city was secured. This building, originally built for an African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church, had more recently been used as a livery stable, storage building and tenement house. In this humble Azusa Street mission, a continuous three-year revival occurred and became known around the world. Stanley H. Frodsham, in his book, With Signs Following, quotes an eye-witness description of the scene: The revival was characterized by spiritual experiences accompanied with testimonies of physical healing miracles,<ref>Tommy Welchel, True Stories of the Miracles of Azusa Street and Beyond: Re-live One of The Greatest Outpourings in History that is Breaking Loose Once Again, Destiny Image, 2013</ref> worship services, and speaking in tongues. The participants were criticized by some secular media and Christian theologians for behaviors considered to be outrageous and unorthodox, especially at the time.
Today, the revival is considered by historians to be the primary catalyst for the spread of Pentecostalism in the 20th century.
Background
Los Angeles
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In 1905, William J. Seymour, a 34-year-old son of freed slaves, was a student of well-known Pentecostal preacher Charles Parham and an interim pastor for a small holiness church in Topeka, Kansas.<ref name=MISSION>Template:Cite web</ref> Seymour inherited from Parham the belief that baptism with the Holy Spirit was the third work of grace, following the new birth (first work of grace) and entire sanctification (second work of grace).<ref name="FahlbuschBromiley1999">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="TWTHS2002">Template:Cite book</ref> Neely Terry, an African American woman who attended a small holiness church pastored by Julia Hutchins in Los Angeles, made a trip to visit family in Houston late in 1905.<ref name="Azusa History">Template:Cite web</ref> While in Houston, she visited Seymour's church, where he preached on receiving the Holy Spirit with the evidence of speaking in other tongues, and though he had not experienced this personally, Terry was impressed with his character and message. Once home in California, Terry suggested that Seymour be invited to speak at the local church.<ref name=charismaticcentury>Template:Cite book</ref> Seymour received and accepted the invitation in February 1906, and he received financial help and a blessing from Parham for his planned one-month visit.<ref name="Azusa History"/><ref name="Enrichment Journal">Template:Cite web</ref>
Seymour arrived in Los Angeles in 1906,Template:Sfn<ref name=IPHC/><ref name=Atheism>Template:Cite web</ref> and within two days was preaching at Julia Hutchins' church at the corner of Ninth Street and Santa Fe Avenue.<ref name=charismaticcentury/> During his first sermon, he preached that speaking in tongues was the first biblical evidence of the inevitable infilling in the Holy Spirit.<ref name=blackapostles/> On the following Sunday, March 4, he returned to the church and found that Hutchins had padlocked the door.<ref name=racism>Template:Cite book</ref> Elders of the church rejected Seymour's teaching, primarily because he had not yet experienced the blessing about which he was preaching.<ref name="Azusa History"/> Condemnation of his message also came from the Holiness Church Association of Southern California with which the church had affiliation.<ref name="Enrichment Journal"/> However, not all members of Hutchins' church rejected Seymour's preaching. He was invited to stay in the home of congregation member Edward S. Lee, and he began to hold Bible studies and prayer meetings there.Template:Sfn
North Bonnie Brae Street
Seymour and his small group of new followers soon relocated to the home of Richard and Ruth Asberry at 216 North Bonnie Brae Street.<ref name=IPHC>Template:Cite web</ref> White families from local holiness churches began to attend as well. The group would get together regularly and pray to receive the baptism of the Holy Spirit. On April 9, 1906, after five weeks of Seymour's preaching and prayer, and three days into an intended 10-day fast,<ref name=racism/> Edward S. Lee spoke in tongues for the first time.<ref name=Washingtonpost>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=centuryoftheholyspirit>Template:Cite book</ref> At the next meeting, Seymour shared Lee's testimony and preached a sermon on Acts 2:4 and soon six others began to speak in tongues as well,<ref name="Enrichment Journal"/><ref name=Washingtonpost/> including Jennie Moore, who would later become Seymour's wife. A few days later, on April 12, Seymour spoke in tongues for the first time after praying all night long.<ref name=700club>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Azusa Street Revival">Template:Cite web</ref>
News of the events at North Bonnie Brae St. quickly circulated among the African American, Latino and white residents of the city, and for several nights, various speakers would preach to the crowds of curious and interested onlookers from the front porch of the Asberry home. Members of the audience included people from a broad spectrum of income levels and religious backgrounds. Hutchins eventually spoke in tongues as her whole congregation began to attend the meetings. Soon the crowds became very large and were full of people speaking in tongues, shouting, singing and moaning. Finally, the front porch collapsed, forcing the group to begin looking for a new meeting place.<ref name=centuryoftheholyspirit/> A resident of the neighborhood described the happenings at 216 North Bonnie Brae with the following words:
Azusa Street
Conditions
The group from Bonnie Brae Street eventually discovered an available building at 312 Azusa Street (Template:Coord) in downtown Los Angeles, which had originally been constructed as an African Methodist Episcopal Church in what was then an impoverished part of town.<ref name=centuryoftheholyspirit/> The rent was $8.00 per month.<ref name=Bartleman>Template:Cite book</ref> A newspaper referred to the downtown Los Angeles building as a "tumble down shack". Since the church had moved out, the building had served as a wholesale house, a warehouse, a lumberyard, stockyards, a tombstone shop, and had most recently been used as a stable with rooms for rent upstairs. It was a small, rectangular, flat-roofed building, approximately Template:Convert long and Template:Convert wide, totaling Template:Convert, sided with weathered whitewashed clapboards. The only sign that it had once been a house of God was a single Gothic-style window over the main entrance.<ref name=centuryoftheholyspirit/>
Discarded lumber and plaster littered the large, barn-like room on the ground floor.<ref name="Let us Reason">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=launched>Template:Cite web</ref> Nonetheless, it was secured and cleaned in preparation for services. They held their first meeting on April 14, 1906.<ref name=Washingtonpost/><ref name="Azusa Street Revival"/><ref name=CBNnews>Template:Cite web</ref> Church services were held on the first floor where the benches were placed in a rectangular pattern. Some of the benches were simply planks put on top of empty nail kegs.<ref name=racism/><ref name=centuryoftheholyspirit/> There was no elevated platform, as the ceiling was only eight feet high.<ref name=CBNnews/> Initially there was no pulpit. Frank Bartleman, an early participant in the revival, recalled that "Brother Seymour generally sat behind two empty shoe boxes, one on top of the other. He usually kept his head inside the top one during the meeting, in prayer. There was no pride there.... In that old building, with its low rafters and bare floors..."<ref name="Enrichment Journal"/>
The second floor at the now-named Apostolic Faith Mission<ref name=Washingtonpost/> housed an office and rooms for several residents including Seymour and his new wife, Jennie. It also had a large prayer room to handle the overflow from the altar services below. The prayer room was furnished with chairs and benches made from California Redwood planks, laid end to end on backless chairs.<ref name="Enrichment Journal"/>
By mid-May 1906, anywhere from 300<ref name="Azusa History"/> to 1,500 people would attempt to fit into the building. Since horses had very recently been the residents of the building, flies constantly bothered the attendees.<ref name=CBNnews/> People from a diversity of backgrounds came together to worship: men, women, children, Black, White, Asian, Native American, immigrants, rich, poor, illiterate, and educated.<ref name="Azusa Street Revival"/> People of all ages flocked to Los Angeles with both skepticism and a desire to participate.<ref name="Azusa History"/><ref name=CBNnews/> The intermingling of races and the group's encouragement of women in leadership was remarkable, as 1906 was the height of the "Jim Crow" era of racial segregation,<ref name=Washingtonpost/> and fourteen years prior to women receiving suffrage in the United States.
Services and worship
Worship at 312 Azusa Street was frequent and spontaneous with services going almost around the clock. Among those attracted to the revival were not only members of the Holiness Movement, but also Baptists, Mennonites, Quakers, and Presbyterians.<ref name=Bartleman/> An observer at one of the services wrote these words:
The Los Angeles Times was not so kind in its description:
The first edition of the Apostolic Faith publication claimed a common reaction to the revival from visitors:
Among first-hand accounts were reports of the blind having their sight restored, diseases cured instantly, and immigrants speaking in German, Yiddish, and Spanish all being spoken to in their native language by uneducated black members, who translated the languages into English by "supernatural ability".<ref name=blackapostles/>
Singing was sporadic and in a cappella or occasionally there would be singing in tongues. There were periods of extended silence. Attenders were occasionally slain in the Spirit. Visitors gave their testimony, and members read aloud testimonies that were sent to the mission by mail. There was prayer for the gift of tongues. There was prayer in tongues for the sick, for missionaries, and whatever requests were given by attenders or mailed in. There was spontaneous preaching and altar calls for salvation, sanctification and baptism of the Holy Spirit. Lawrence Catley, whose family attended the revival, said that in most services preaching consisted of Seymour opening a Bible and worshippers coming forward to preach or testify as they were led by the Holy Spirit.<ref name=Hymnody247-248>Template:Cite journal</ref> Many people would continually shout throughout the meetings. The members of the mission never took an offering, but there was a receptacle near the door for anyone who wanted to support the revival. The core membership of the Azusa Street Mission was never many more than 50–60 individuals, with hundreds if not thousands of people visiting or staying temporarily over the years.<ref name=charismaticcentury/>
Charles Parham
Template:Main By October 1906, Charles Parham was invited to speak for a series of meetings at Azusa Street but was quickly un-invited.
Arriving at Azusa Street, [Parham] recoiled in disgust at the racial intermingling. He was aghast that black people were not in their "place," and simply could not abide "white people imitating unintelligent, crude negroisms of the Southland, and laying it on the Holy Ghost." Parham made his way through the crowd, stood at the pulpit, and delivered a stinging rebuke: "God is sick at his stomach!" He proceeded to explain that God would not stand for such "animalism." When it was clear that the majority of the Azusa Street Mission would not accept Parham's leadership, Parham left with an estimated two to three hundred followers and opened a rival campaign at a nearby Women's Christian Temperance Union building.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Criticism
In a skeptical front-page story titled "Weird Babel of Tongues",<ref name=CBNnews/> a Los Angeles Times reporter attempted to describe what would soon be known as the Azusa Street Revival. "Breathing strange utterances and mouthing a creed which it would seem no sane mortal could understand", the story began, "the newest religious sect has started in Los Angeles".<ref name=CTLibrary>Template:Cite web</ref> Another local paper reporter in September 1906 described the happenings with the following words:
The attendees were often described as "Holy Rollers", "Holy Jumpers", "Tangled Tonguers" and "Holy Ghosters". Reports were published throughout the U.S. and the world of the strange happenings in Los Angeles.<ref name=700club/>
Christians from many traditions were critical, saying the movement was hyper-emotional, misused Scripture and lost focus on Christ by overemphasizing the Holy Spirit.<ref name=Washingtonpost/> Within a short time ministers were warning their congregations to stay away from the Azusa Street Mission. Some called the police and tried to get the building shut down.
Apostolic Faith publication
Also starting in September 1906 was the publication of the revival's own newsletter, the Apostolic Faith.<ref name=Latterrain>Template:Cite web</ref> Issues were published occasionally up until May 1908, mostly through the work of Seymour and a white woman named Clara Lum,<ref name="Azusa Street Revival"/> a member of the Apostolic Faith Mission. The Apostolic Faith was distributed without charge, and thousands of laypersons and ministers received copies worldwide. Five thousand copies of the first edition were printed, and by 1907 the press run reached over 40,000.<ref name="Azusa History"/><ref name="Enrichment Journal"/><ref name=father>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Apostolic Faith publication reported the happenings at the Azusa Street Mission to the world. Its first issue's lead story was titled "Pentecost has Come". It contained a letter from Charles Parham, an article on Pentecost from Acts, and a series of anecdotes of people's experience within the revival.<ref name=Reprint>Template:Cite web</ref> One edition in 1907 wrote, "One token of the Lord's coming is that He is melting all races and nations together, and they are filled with the power and glory of God. He is baptizing by one spirit into one body and making up a people that will be ready to meet Him when He comes".<ref name="Azusa History"/> The Apostolic Faith brought increasing attention to the happenings at Azusa Street and the fledgling movement that was emerging from the revival.<ref name=father/>
Legacy
By 1913, the revival at Azusa Street had lost momentum, and most of the media attention and crowds had left by 1915. Seymour remained there with his wife, Jennie, for the rest of their lives as pastors of the small African American congregation,<ref name="Let us Reason"/> though he often made short trips to help establish other smaller revivals later in life. After Seymour died of a heart attack<ref name=charismaticcentury/> on September 28, 1922, Jennie led the church until 1931, when the congregation lost the building.<ref name=blackapostles/>
Sending of missionaries
As The Apostolic Faith and many secular reports advertised the events of the Azusa Street Revival internationally, thousands of individuals visited the mission in order to witness it firsthand. At the same time, thousands of people were leaving Azusa Street with intentions of evangelizing abroad.<ref name="Let us Reason"/><ref name=CBNnews/> Reverend K. E. M. Spooner visited the revival in 1909 and became one of the Pentecostal Holiness Church's most effective missionaries in Africa, working among the Tswana people of Botswana.<ref name=IPHC/><ref name=spooner>Template:Cite web</ref>
A. G. Garr and his wife were sent from Azusa Street as missionaries to Calcutta, India, where they managed to start a small revival. Speaking in tongues in India did not enable them to speak the native language, Bengali. The Garrs later traveled to China where they arrived in Hong Kong and began to spread Pentecostalism in mainland China. They did this by working through other Protestant churches and organizations that had already been established.<ref>Espinosa, Gaston. William J. Seymour and the Origins of Global Pentecostalism. Duke University Press, 2014, p. 89.Template:ISBN?</ref> Garr significantly contributed to early Pentecostalism through his later work in redefining the "biblical evidence" doctrine and changing the doctrine from a belief that speaking in tongues was explicitly for evangelism to a belief that speaking in tongues was a gift for "spiritual empowerment".<ref name=charismaticcentury/>
Missionary Bernt Bernsten traveled to the area from North China to investigate the happenings after hearing that the biblical prophecy of Acts 2:4 was being fulfilled. Other visitors left the revival to become missionaries in remote areas all over the world.<ref name="Azusa History"/><ref name="Azusa Street Revival"/> So many missionaries went out from Azusa (some thirty-eight left in October 1906) that within two years the movement had spread to over fifty nations, including Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, Holland, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, South Africa, Hong Kong, China, Ceylon and India. Christian leaders visited from all over the world.<ref name=racism/>
Birth of Pentecostal movement
By the end of 1906, most leaders from Azusa Street had spun off to form other congregations, such as the Apostolic Faith Church, 51st Street Apostolic Faith Mission, the Spanish AFM, and the Italian Pentecostal Mission. These missions were largely composed of immigrant or ethnic groups. The Southeast United States was a particularly prolific area of growth for the movement, since Seymour's approach gave a useful explanation for a charismatic spiritual climate that had already been taking root in those areas. Other new missions were based on preachers who had charisma and energy. Nearly all of these new churches were founded among immigrants and the poor.Template:Citation needed
Many existing Wesleyan-holiness denominations adopted the Pentecostal message, such as the Church of God in Christ and the Pentecostal Holiness Church, and are now Holiness Pentecostal denominations. Holiness Pentecostals, such as the Apostolic Faith Church, affirm three works of grace: (1) New Birth, (2) entire sanctification, and (3) Baptism with the Holy Ghost.<ref name="Synan2012"/> The formation of new denominations also occurred, motivated by doctrinal differences between Holiness Pentecostals and their Finished Work Pentecostal counterparts, such as the Assemblies of God formed in 1914 and the Pentecostal Church of God formed in 1919—these represent Finished Work Pentecostal denominations. An early doctrinal controversy led to a split between Trinitarian and Oneness Pentecostals, the latter founded the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World in 1916 and the United Pentecostal Church in 1945.<ref name=Synan1997>Synan, Vinson (1997). The Holiness–Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 71, 125, 153–164. Template:ISBN.</ref>
Today, there are more than 500 million Pentecostal and charismatic believers across the globe,<ref name=Pew>"Spirit and Power: A 10 Country Survey of Pentecostals". Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. October 6, 2006.</ref> and it [was] the fastest-growing form of Christianity today [in 1978].<ref name=blackapostles>Template:Cite book</ref> The Azusa Street Revival is commonly regarded as the beginning of the modern-day Pentecostal Movement.<ref name="Let us Reason"/><ref name=Brittanica>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=newpentecost>Template:Cite book</ref>
References
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External links
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