B83 nuclear bomb
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The B83 is a variable-yield thermonuclear gravity bomb developed by the United States in the late 1970s that entered service in 1983. With a maximum yield of Template:Convert, it has been the most powerful nuclear weapon in the United States nuclear arsenal since October 25, 2011 after retirement of the B53.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was designed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.<ref name=archive>Template:Cite web</ref>
History
The B83 was based partly on the earlier B77 program, which was terminated because of cost overruns. The B77 was designed with an active altitude control and lifting parachute system for supersonic low-altitude delivery from the B-1A bomber. Likely B77 nuclear component test firings were attributed to the Operation Anvil series in 1975 and 1976, specifically the "Cheese" test shots in Anvil:<ref name=archive/>
- Anvil Kasseri – 28 October 1975, Template:Convert (B77/B83 full yield)
- Anvil Muenster – 3 January 1976, Template:Convert
- Anvil Fontina – 12 February 1976, Template:Convert
- Anvil Colby – 14 May 1976, Template:Convert<ref name=archive />
The B83 nuclear components have been attributed as the same as the earlier B77.
The B83 replaced several earlier weapons, including the B28, B43, and, to some extent, the ultra-high-yield B53. It was the first U.S. nuclear weapon designed from the start to avoid accidental detonation, with the use of "insensitive explosives" in the trigger lens system. Its layout is similar to that of the smaller B61, with the warhead mounted in the forward part of the weapon to make the bomb nose-heavy. It was intended for high-speed carriage (up to Mach 2.0) and delivery at high or low altitude. For the latter role, it is equipped with a parachute retardation system, with a Template:Convert Kevlar ribbon parachute capable of rapid deceleration. It can be employed in free-fall, retarded, contact, and laydown modes, for air-burst or ground-burst detonation. Security features include next-generation permissive action link (PAL) and a command disablement system (CDS), rendering the weapon tactically useless without a nuclear yield.<ref name="archive" />
The B83 was tested in the Grenadier Tierra nuclear weapon test on 15 December 1984. The test had a reduced yield of 80 kilotonnes due to the Threshold Test Ban Treaty.<ref name="archive" />
With the dismantling of the last B53 bomb in 2011, the B83 became the highest-yield nuclear weapon in the U.S. arsenal.<ref>Biggest US nuclear bomb dismantled in Texas Template:Webarchive. The Guardian. 25 October 2011.</ref> In 2022, the Biden administration announced plans to retire the B83.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Once the B83 is retired, the W88 nuclear warhead, deployed on the Trident D5LE missile, will become the most powerful nuclear weapon of the United States, with a yield of 455 kilotonnes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The B61-13 is planned to replace the B83. Although its yield is lower at Template:Cvt, it incorporates guidance features of the B61-12 for better accuracy while being more powerful than that version to strike harder and large-area targets.<ref>US to build new nuclear gravity bomb. Defense News. 27 October 2023.</ref>
Design
The bomb is Template:Convert long, with a diameter of Template:Convert. The actual nuclear explosive package, judging from published drawingsTemplate:Citation needed, occupies some Template:Convert in the forward part of the bomb case. The bomb weighs approximately Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The location of the lifting lugs shows that the greater part of the total mass is contained in the nuclear explosive.
The bomb has a variable yield: the destructive power is adjustable from somewhere in the low kiloton range up to a maximum of Template:Convert, some 80 times the explosive power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. The weapon is protected by a Category "D" Permissive Action Link (PAL) that prevents the enabling or detonation of the weapon without proper authorization.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
About 650 B83s were built, and the weapon remains in service as part of the United States "Enduring Stockpile".<ref name=archive/>
Aircraft capable of carrying the B83
The following aircraft are certified for carrying the B83 bomb:Template:Citation needed
- F-16 Fighting Falcon
- F-22 Raptor
- F-15E Strike Eagle
- B-52 Stratofortress<ref>T.O. 1B-52H-1</ref> (formerly)
- B-1B Lancer (formerly)
- B-2 Spirit<ref name="nukeforces">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Nuclear capability has been removed from the B-1B, mostly attributed to START I & START II,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the B-52 no longer carries gravity nuclear bombs.<ref name="nukeforces"/>
Novel uses
The B83 is one of the weapons considered for use in the "Nuclear Bunker Buster" project, which for a time was known as the Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator, or RNEP. While most efforts have focused on the smaller B61-11 nuclear bomb, Los Alamos National Laboratory was also analyzing the use of the B83 in this role.
The physics package contained within the B83 has been studied for use in asteroid impact avoidance strategies against any seriously threatening near earth asteroids. Six such warheads, configured for the maximum Template:Convert, would be deployed by maneuvering space vehicles to "knock" an asteroid off course, should it pose a risk to the Earth.<ref>Template:Citation (article at Flightglobal.com)</ref>