BASE jumping

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BASE jumping from Sapphire Tower, Istanbul

BASE jumping (Template:IPAc-en) is the recreational sport of jumping from fixed objects, using a parachute to descend to the ground. BASE is an acronym that stands for four categories of fixed objects from which one can jump: buildings, antennas (referring to radio masts), spans (bridges) and earth (cliffs).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Participants jump from a fixed object such as a cliff and after an optional freefall delay deploy a parachute to slow their descent and land. A popular form of BASE jumping is wingsuit BASE jumping.

In contrast to other forms of parachuting, such as skydiving from airplanes, BASE jumps are performed from fixed objects that are generally at much lower altitudes, and BASE jumpers only carry one parachute. BASE jumping is significantly more hazardous than other forms of parachuting and is widely considered to be one of the most dangerous extreme sports.<ref name="ch-trib-thrill">Template:Cite news</ref>

History

Precursors

Fausto Veranzio is widely believed to have been the first person to build and test a parachute,<ref> Francis Trevelyan Miller, The world in the air: the story of flying in pictures, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1930, pages 101–106</ref> by jumping from St Mark's Campanile in Venice in 1617 when he was more than 65 years old.<ref>He's in the paratroops now, Alfred Day Rathbone, R.M. McBride & Company, 1943, University of California.</ref> However these and other sporadic incidents were one-time experiments, not the actual systematic pursuit of a new form of parachuting.

Birth of B.A.S.E. jumping

Precursors to the sport date back hundreds of years.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1966 Michael Pelkey and Brian Schubert jumped from El Capitan in Yosemite National Park.<ref name="johnnyutah_com">Template:Cite web</ref> The acronym B.A.S.E. (now more commonly BASE) was later coined by filmmaker Carl Boenish, his wife Jean Boenish, Phil Smith, and Phil Mayfield.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Carl Boenish was an important catalyst behind modern BASE jumping and in 1978 he filmed jumps from El Capitan made using ram-air parachutes and the freefall tracking technique.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> While BASE jumps had been made prior to that time, the El Capitan activity was the effective birth of what is now called BASE jumping.

After 1978 the filmed jumps from El Capitan were repeated, not as an actual publicity exercise or as a movie stunt but as a true recreational activity. It was this that popularized BASE jumping more widely among parachutists.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Carl Boenish continued to publish films and informational magazines on BASE jumping until his death in 1984 after a BASE jump off the Troll Wall.<ref name=":1" /> By this time the concept had spread among skydivers worldwide, with hundreds of participants making fixed-object jumps.

During the early eighties, nearly all BASE jumps were made using standard skydiving equipment, including two parachutes (main and reserve), and deployment components. Later on,Template:When specialized equipment and techniques were developed specifically for the unique needs of BASE jumping.

Jumpers from a cliff wearing tracking suits

In recent years, recognizing the sport's growing appeal and the potential for high-impact marketing, companies such as Red Bull<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> have stepped in to sponsor athletes, further elevating the sport's profile.

BASE numbers

Upon completing a jump from all of the four object categories, a jumper may choose to apply for a "BASE number", awarded sequentially by Rick and Joy Harrison.Template:By whom<ref name="numbers">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Equipment

In the early days of BASE jumping, people used modified skydiving gear, such as by removing the deployment bag and slider, stowing the lines in a tail pocket, and fitting a large pilot chute.Template:Citation needed However, modified skydiving gear is prone to kinds of malfunction that are rare in normal skydiving (such as "line-overs" and broken lines). Modern purpose-built BASE jumping equipment is considered to be much safer and more reliable.

Parachute

The biggest difference in gear is that skydivers jump with both a main and a reserve parachute, while BASE jumpers carry only one parachute. BASE jumping parachutes are larger than skydiving parachutes and are typically flown with a wing loading of around Template:Cvt. Vents are one element that make a parachute suitable for BASE jumping.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> BASE jumpers often use extra large pilot chutes to compensate for lower airspeed parachute deployments. On jumps from lower altitudes, the slider is removed for faster parachute opening.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Harness and container

BASE jumpers use a single-parachute harness and container system. Since there is only a single parachute, BASE jumping containers are mechanically much simpler than skydiving containers. This simplicity contributes to the safety and reliability of BASE jumping gear by eliminating many malfunctions that can occur with more complicated skydiving equipment. Since there is no reserve parachute, there is little need to cut-away their parachute, and many BASE harnesses do not contain a 3-ring release system. A modern ultralight BASE system including parachute, container, and harness can weigh as little as Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Clothing

When jumping from high mountains, BASE jumpers will often use special clothing to improve control and flight characteristics in the air. Wingsuit flying has become a popular form of BASE jumping in recent years, allowing jumpers to glide over long horizontal distances. Tracking suits inflate like wingsuits to give additional lift to jumpers, but maintain separation of arms and legs to allow for greater mobility and safety.Template:Citation needed

Technique

Template:Unreferenced section BASE jumps can be broadly classified into low jumps and high jumps. The primary distinguishing characteristic of low BASE jumps versus high BASE jumps is the use of a slider reefing device to control the opening speed of the parachute, and whether the jumper falls long enough to reach terminal velocity.

Low BASE jumps

Low BASE jumps are those where the jumper does not reach terminal velocity. Sometimes referred to as "slider down" jumps because they are typically performed without a slider reefing device on the parachute. The lack of a slider enables the parachute to open more quickly. Other techniques for low BASE jumps include the use of a static line, direct bag, or P.C.A. (pilot chute assist). These devices form an attachment between the parachute and the jump platform, which stretches out the parachute and suspension lines as the jumper falls, before separating and allowing the parachute to inflate. This enables the very lowest jumps—below Template:Convert to be made. It is common in the UK to jump from around the Template:Convert mark, due to the number of low cliffs at this height. Base jumpers have been known to jump from objects as low as Template:Convert, which leaves little to no canopy time and requires an immediate flare to land safely.

High BASE jumps

Wingsuit pilots getting ready to jump

Many BASE jumpers are motivated to make jumps from higher objects involving free fall. High BASE jumps are those which are high enough for the jumper to reach terminal velocity. High BASE jumps are often called "slider up" jumps due to the use of a slider reefing device. High BASE jumps present different hazards than low BASE jumps. With greater height and airspeed, jumpers can fly away from the cliff during freefall, allowing them to deploy their parachute far away from the cliff they jumped from and significantly reduce the chance of object striking. However, high BASE jumps also present new hazards such as complications resulting from the use of a wingsuit.

Tandem BASE jumps

Tandem BASE jumping is when a skilled pilot jumps with a passenger attached to their front. It is similar to skydiving and is offered in the US and many other countries. Tandem BASE is becoming a more accessible and legal form of BASE jumping.

Records

Guinness World Records first listed a BASE jumping record with married couple Jean and Carl Boenish's 1984 leap from Trollveggen (Troll Wall) in Norway. It was described at the time as the highest cliff jump.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The jump was made two days before Carl's death at the same site.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>

On August 26, 1992, Australians Nic Feteris and Glenn Singleman made a BASE jump from an altitude of Template:Convert jump off the Trango Towers in Pakistan. It was the highest BASE jump off the earth at the time.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On May 23, 2006, Glenn Singleman and Heather Swan made a BASE jump from an altitude of Template:Convert off Meru Peak in Northern India, breaking Singleman and Feteris's previous record for the highest BASE jump off the earth. They jumped in wingsuits.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2015, they also made the first ever wingsuit jump across the Grand Canyon, flying approximately 11km from one side to the other.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Daniel Schilling set the Guinness World Record for the most BASE jumps in a twenty-four-hour period, jumping off the Perrine Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho, a record 201 times on July 8, 2006.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On May 5, 2013, Russian Valery Rozov jumped off Changtse (the northern peak of the Mount Everest massif) from a height of Template:Convert. Using a specially developed wingsuit, he glided down to the Rongbuk glacier more than 1,000 meters below, setting a new world record for highest altitude base jump.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On October 5, 2016, Rozov broke his own record for highest altitude BASE jump when he leapt from a height of Template:Convert from Cho Oyu, the sixth-highest mountain in the world, landing on a glacier approximately two minutes later Template:Citation span.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He later died while attempting another high-altitude BASE jump in Nepal in 2017.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Competitions

BASE competitions have been held since the early 1980s, with accurate landings or free-fall aerobatics used as the judging criteria. Recent years have seen a formal competition held at the Template:Convert high Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, judged on landing accuracy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2012 the World Wingsuit League held their first wingsuit BASE jumping competition in China.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Notable jumps

Comparison with skydiving

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BASE jumping from an antenna tower

BASE jumps are typically performed from much lower altitudes than in skydiving. Skydivers are required to deploy their main parachute above Template:Convert altitude.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> BASE jumps are frequently made from less than Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A BASE jump from a Template:Convert object is only about 5.6 seconds from the ground if the jumper remains in free fall. Standard skydiving parachute systems are not designed for this situation, so BASE jumpers use specially designed harnesses and parachute systems.

Many BASE jumps, particularly in the UK, are made from around Template:Convert due to the number of low cliffs at this height.Template:Citation needed Jumpers will use a static line method to ensure their canopy is extracted as they jump, as at this height, it is too low to freefall.

BASE jumps generally entail slower airspeeds than typical skydives (due to the limited altitude); a BASE jumper does not always reach terminal velocity. Skydivers use the airflow to stabilize their position. BASE jumpers, falling at lower speeds, have less aerodynamic control. The attitude of the body at the moment of jumping determines the stability of flight in the first few seconds, before sufficient airspeed has built up to enable aerodynamic stability. On low BASE jumps, parachute deployment takes place during this early phase of flight. If the parachute is deployed while the jumper is unstable, there is a high risk of entanglement or malfunction. The jumper may also not be facing the right direction. Such an off-heading opening is not as problematic in skydiving, but an off-heading opening that results in object strike has caused many serious injuries and deaths in BASE jumping.

BASE jumps are more hazardous than skydives primarily due to proximity to the object serving as the jump platform. BASE jumping frequently occurs in mountainous terrain, often having much smaller areas in which to land in comparison to a typical skydiving dropzone. BASE jumping is significantly more dangerous than similar sports such as skydiving from aircraft.<ref name="ch-trib-thrill"/>

Legality

A BASE jumper leaving the Perrine Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho

BASE jumping is generally not illegal in most places. However, in some cases such as building and antenna jumps, jumping is often done covertly without the permission of owners, which can lead to charges such as trespassing. In some jurisdictionsTemplate:Where it may be permissible to use land until specifically told not to. The Perrine Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho, is an example of a man-made structure in the United States where BASE jumping is allowed year-round without a permit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In U.S. National Parks, BASE jumping is allowed pursuant to the terms of a special use permit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There is no record of the U.S. National Parks granting a permit for BASE jumping, with the sole exception of a permit granted for the annual Bridge Day event in New River Gorge National Park.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other U.S. public land, including land controlled by the Bureau of Land Management, does not ban BASE jumping, and there are numerous jumpable objects on BLM land.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The legal position is different at other sites and in other countries. For example, in Norway's Lysefjord (from the mountain Kjerag), BASE jumpers are made welcome.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Many sites in the European Alps, near Chamonix and on the Eiger, are also open to jumpers. Some other Norwegian places, like the Troll Wall, are banned because of dangerous rescue missions in the past.<ref name=":0" /> In Austria, jumping from mountain cliffs is generally allowed, whereas the use of bridges (such as the Europabruecke near Innsbruck, Tirol) or dams is generally prohibited. Australia has some of the toughest stances on BASE jumping: it specifically bans BASE jumping from certain objects, such as the Sydney Harbour Bridge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Safety

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Recent statistics reflect improved safety of the activity. The 2024 Bridge Day Event which saw the participation of 325 BASE jumpers completing 755 BASE jumps resulted in zero jumper injuries, in contrast to two non-jumper related medical transports from the same event.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> And in the year 2023 the United States saw zero BASE fatalities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A study of BASE jumping fatalities estimated that the overall annual fatality risk in 2002 was one fatality per 60 participants.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A study of 20,850 BASE jumps from the Kjerag Massif in Norway reported nine fatalities over the 11-year period from 1995 to 2005, or one in every 2,317 jumps.<ref name="Soreide 2007 1113–7">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Risk of Dying">Template:Cite web</ref> However, at that site, one in every 254 jumps over that period resulted in a nonfatal accident.<ref name="Soreide 2007 1113–7"/> BASE jumping is one of the most dangerous recreational activities in the world, with a fatality and injury rate 43 times higher than that of parachuting from a plane.<ref name="Soreide 2007 1113–7"/><ref name="Risk of Dying" />

Template:As of, the BASE Fatality List records 480 deaths for BASE jumping since April 1981.<ref name="fatal-list">Template:Cite web</ref>

References

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Further reading

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