Backscatter (photography)
In photography, backscatter (also called near-camera reflection<ref name="Robinson2016">Template:Cite book</ref>) is an optical phenomenon resulting in typically circular artifacts on an image, due to the camera's flash being reflected from unfocused motes of dust, water droplets, or other particles in the air or water. It is especially common with modern compact and ultra-compact digital cameras.<ref name="Fuji">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Baron2008">Template:Cite book</ref>
Caused by the backscatter of light by unfocused particles, these artifacts are also sometimes called orbs, referring to a common paranormal claim. Some appear with trails, suggesting motion.<ref name=Grimm>Template:Cite book</ref>
Cause
Backscatter commonly occurs in low-light scenes when the camera's flash is used. Cases include nighttime and underwater photography, when a bright light source and reflective unfocused particles are near the camera.<ref name="Robinson2016" /> Light appears much brighter very near the source due to the inverse-square law, which says light intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.<ref name="Ferncase1992">Richard Ferncase. Basic Lighting Worktext for Film and Video. CRC Press; 1992. Template:ISBN. p. 66.</ref>
The artifact can result from the backscatter or retroreflection of the light from airborne solid particles, such as dust or pollen, or liquid droplets, especially rain or mist. They can also be caused by foreign material within the camera lens.<ref name="Fuji" /><ref name=Grimm /> The image artifacts usually appear as either white or semi-transparent circles, though may also occur with whole or partial color spectra, purple fringing or other chromatic aberration. With rain droplets, an image may capture light passing through the droplet creating a small rainbow effect.<ref name="Pye2015">J. David Pye. Polarised Light in Science and Nature. CRC Press; 2015. Template:ISBN. p. 81.</ref>
Fujifilm describes the artifacts as a common photographic problem: Template:Quote
In underwater scenes, particles such as sand or planktonic marine life near the lens, invisible to the diver, reflect light from the flash causing the orb artifact in the image. A strobe flash, which distances the flash from the lens, eliminates the artifacts.<ref name="Robertson-Brown2014">Nick Robertson-Brown. Underwater Photography: Art and Techniques. Crowood; 31 January 2014. Template:ISBN. p. 105.</ref> The effect is also seen on infrared video cameras, where superbright infrared LEDs illuminate microscopic particles very close to the lens. The artifacts are especially common with compact or ultra-compact cameras, where the short distance between the lens and the built-in flash decreases the angle of light reflection toward the lens, directly illuminating the aspect of the particles facing the lens and increasing the camera's ability to capture the light reflected from normally subvisible particles.<ref name="Fuji" />
Paranormal claims
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Some ghost hunters have claimed that orb shaped visual artifacts appearing in photographs are spirits of the dead.<ref name=Wagner>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Such perceptions have been interpreted by Michael Shermer as examples of agenticity.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Prominent paranormal investigators such as Joe Nickell have agreed with skeptic-debunkers' assessments that orbs result from natural phenomena like insects, dust, pollen, or water droplets.<ref name="Nickell2010">Joe Nickell.Template:ISBN. p. 159.</ref><ref>Template:Skeptoid</ref>
See also
- Bokeh
- Digital artifact
- Entoptic phenomenon
- Lens flare
- Rod (optical phenomenon)
- Rolling shutter
- Will-o'-the-wisp