Balangiga massacre

The Balangiga massacre was an incident in which the residents of the town of Balangiga on the Philippines island of Samar conducted a surprise attack on an occupying unit of the US 9th Infantry, killing 54.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> It is also known as the Balangiga encounter, Balangiga incident,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> or Balangiga conflict.<ref name="Borrinaga 2003"/> The incident occurred on September 28, 1901, over five months after the April 19 publication of a "Peace Manifesto" by Emilio Aguinaldo acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the Philippines.Template:Efn Some Filipino historians have asserted that the term Balangiga Massacre more appropriately refers to actions ordered in retaliation by American General Jacob H. Smith during the pacification of Samar that resulted in an estimated 2,000 Filipino civilians killed and over 200 homes burned.<ref name="Teodoro1960p228">Template:Citation</ref><ref name=karim2019p110 />

Background

The battle was a military operation planned by Captain Eugenio Daza (an area commander of Captain General Vicente Lukbán's forces in southeastern Samar) and transpired in Balangiga in 1901 during the Philippine–American War.Template:Efn The attack was led by Valeriano Abanador, who was the Jefe de la Policía (Chief of Police).<ref>Tucker, Spencer (2020). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 345. Template:ISBN. On September 28, 1901</ref>

The operation

Prelude

Samar was a major center for the production of Manila hemp, the trade of which was financing Philippine forces on the island. At the same time United States interests were eager to secure control of the hemp trade, which was a vital material both for the United States Navy and American agro-industries such as cotton.Template:Cn

Filipino forces in the area were under the command of Captain General Vicente Lukbán who had been sent there in December 1898 to govern the island on behalf of the First Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo.<ref name="couttie2">Template:Cite news</ref> Aguinaldo had been captured by American forces on March 23, 1901.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On April 1, he had sworn allegiance to the US and told his followers to lay down their arms and give up the fight.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=brands1992p59>Template:Cite book</ref>

On May 30, 1901, prior to the stationing of any Americans in Balangiga, town mayor Pedro Abayan had written to Lukban pledging to "observe a deceptive policy with [Americans] doing whatever they may like, and when a favorable opportunity arises, the people will strategically rise against them."<ref>As quoted in Template:Cite book (citing Template:Cite book)</ref>

In the summer of 1901, Brigadier General Robert P. Hughes, who commanded the Department of the Visayas and was responsible for Samar, instigated an aggressive policy of food deprivation and property destruction on the island.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The objective was to force the end of Philippine resistance. Part of his strategy was to close three key ports on the southern coast, Basey, Balangiga and Guiuan prevent supplies from reaching Lukban's forces in the interior. Company C was to close the port at Balangiga.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On August 11, 1901, Company C of the 9th US Infantry Regiment, arrived in Balangiga—the third largest town on the southern coast of Samar island—to close its port and prevent supplies reaching Philippine forces in the interior,<ref name="couttie1">Template:Cite news</ref> Abaya's letter to Lukban had been among papers captured by American troops on August 18; it read, in translation:

However, this information never reached the American troops in Balangiga.<ref name=akiboh />

Relations between the soldiers and the townspeople seemed amicable for the first month of the American presence in the town; indeed it was marked by extensive fraternization between the two parties. This took the form of tuba (palm wine) drinking among the soldiers and male villagers, baseball games, and arnis demonstrations. However, tensions rose due to several reasons: Captain Thomas W. Connell, commanding officer of the American unit in Balangiga, ordered the town cleaned up in preparation for a visit by the US Army's inspector-general. However, in complying with his directive, the townspeople inadvertently cut down vegetation with food value, in violation of Lukbán's policies regarding food security. As a consequence, on September 18, 1901, around 400 guerrillas sent by Lukbán appeared in the vicinity of Balangiga. They were to mete sanctions upon the town officials and local residents for violating Lukbán's orders regarding food security and for fraternizing with the Americans. The threat was probably defused by Captain Eugenio Daza, a member of Lukbán's staff, and by the parish priest, Father Donato Guimbaolibot.<ref name="borr">Template:Cite web</ref>

A few days later, Connell had the town's male residents rounded up and detained for the purpose of hastening his clean-up operations. Around 80 men were kept in two Sibley tents unfed overnight. In addition, Connell had the men's bolos and the stored rice for their tables confiscated. These events sufficiently insulted and angered the townspeople, and they planned revenge against the Americans.<ref name="borr"/>

A few days before the attack, Valeriano Abanador, the town's police chief, and Captain Daza met to plan the attack on the American unit.<ref name="labro">Template:Cite web</ref> To address the issue of sufficient manpower to offset the Americans' advantage in firepower, Abanador and Daza disguised the congregation of men as a work force aimed at preparing the town for a local fiesta which, incidentally, also served to address Connell's preparations for his superior's visit. Abanador also brought in a group of "tax evaders" to bolster their numbers. Much palm wine was brought in to ensure that the American soldiers would be drunk the day after the fiesta. Hours before the attack, women and children were sent away to safety. To mask the disappearance of the women from the dawn service in the church, 34 men from Barrio Lawaan cross-dressed as women worshippers.<ref name="borr"/> These "women", carrying small coffins, were challenged by Sergeant Scharer of the sentry post about the town plaza near the church. Opening one of the coffins with his bayonet, he saw the body of a dead child who, he was told, was a victim of a cholera epidemic. Abashed, he let the women pass on. Unbeknownst to the sentries, the other coffins hid the bolos and other weapons of the attackers.<ref name="bautista"/>

There is much conflict between accounts by members of Company C. That day, the 27th, was the 52nd anniversary of the founding of the parish, an occasion on which an image of a recumbent Christ known as a Santo Entierro would have been carried around the parish. In modern times these Santo Entierros are enclosed in a glass case but at the time were commonly enclosed in a wooden box.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Attack on American soldiers

File:US 9th Infantry Regiment in the Philippines 1899.jpg

The US 9th Infantry Regiment in the Philippines, 1899

Between 6:20 and 6:45 in the morning of September 28, 1901, the villagers made their move. Abanador, who had been supervising the prisoners' communal labor in the town plaza, grabbed the rifle of Private Adolph Gamlin, one of the American sentries, and stunned him with a blow to the head. This served as the signal for the rest of the communal laborers in the plaza to rush the other sentries and soldiers of Company C, who were mostly having breakfast in the mess area. Abanador then gave a shout, signaling the other Philippine men to the attack and fired Gamlin's rifle at the mess tent, hitting one of the soldiers. The pealing of the church bells and the sounds from conch shells being blown followed seconds later. Some of the Company C troopers were attacked and hacked to death before they could grab their rifles; the few who survived the initial onslaught fought almost bare-handed, using kitchen utensils, steak knives, and chairs. One private used a baseball bat to fend off the attackers before being overwhelmed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="dumindin">Template:Cite web</ref>

The men detained in the Sibley tents broke out and made their way to the municipal hall. Simultaneously, the attackers hidden in the church broke into the parish house and killed the three American officers there.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> An unarmed Company C soldier was ignored, as was Captain Connell's Philippine houseboy. The attackers initially occupied the parish house and the municipal hall; however, the attack at the mess tents and the barracks failed, with Pvt. Gamlin, recovering consciousness and managing to secure another rifle, causing considerable casualties among the Philippine forces. With the initial surprise wearing off and the attack degrading, Abanador called for the attackers to break off and retreat. The surviving Company C soldiers, led by Sergeant Frank Betron, escaped by sea to Basey and Tanauan, Leyte.<ref name="dumindin"/> The townspeople buried their dead and abandoned the town.

Of the 74 men in Company C, 36 were killed in action, including all its commissioned officers: Captain Thomas W. Connell, First Lieutenant Edward A. Bumpus and Major Richard S. Griswold.<ref name="hunyrs"/> Twenty-two were wounded in action and four were missing in action. Eight died later of wounds received in combat; only four escaped unscathed.<ref>The Official report War Department 1901 reports casualties as 3 officers and 33 NCOs and enlisted ranks dead; 3 died of wounds; 7 members of Company C 9th Infantry and 1 Hospital Corps Private missing [the report acknowledges several bodies were cremated when the barracks were burned]; 21 wounded; 16 present not wounded. See Annual Reports of the War Department, Volume 9 p. 629 Report of Captain Bookmiller, 9th Infantry</ref> The villagers captured about 100 rifles and 25,000 rounds of ammunition and suffered 28 dead and 22 wounded.

Aftermath

This was described as the "worst defeat of United States Army soldiers since the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876".<ref name="brooke">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Legacy

The attack and subsequent actions on Samar have been some of the longest-running and most controversial issues between the Philippines and the United States.<ref name="brooke"/> Conflicting interpretations by American and Philippine historians have confused the issue. The attack has been termed Balangiga Massacre in many English language sources. However, Philippine historian Teodoro Agoncillo has asserted that the term Balangiga massacre properly refers to the burning of the town by US forces following the attack and to retaliatory acts during the March across Samar.<ref name="Teodoro1960p228" /> Other Philippine sources also employ this usage.<ref name=karim2019p110 /> In US sources, however, the term massacre is used to refer to this attack.<ref name=karim2019p110>Template:Cite book</ref>

Factual disputes

Mutilation of the bodies of the Americans who were killed was reported in testimony before the US Senate Committee on the Philippines the and information about that has appeared elsewhere.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The asserted mutilations have been disputed by historiat George Borrinaga with a counter-assertion to the effect that Filipinos have respect for the dead, he says, and would do no such thing.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Several asserted factual inaccuracies in early published accounts have surfaced over the years as historians continue to re-investigate the Balangiga incident. These include:<ref name="bautista"/>

• Schott and Rey Imperial assert that Company C of the 9th US Infantry was sent to Balangiga in response to a request by its then-Mayor Pedro Abayan. This is based solely on a claim by George Meyer, a Company C survivor, in support of efforts to secure the Medal of Honor. Author Bob Couttie asserts that the American unit was sent there to close Balangiga's port.<ref name="couttie1"/>
• James Taylor's account inspired another author, William T. Sexton, to write that the American soldiers were "butchered like hogs" in Soldiers in the Sun.Template:Refn However, Eugenio Daza wrote, "The Filipino believes that the profanation of the dead necessarily brings bad luck and misfortune ... there was no time to lose for such acts [after the Balangiga attack]."<ref name="hunyrs"/>

Gallery

• Battle of Balangiga monument
  Battle of Balangiga monument
• Battle of Balangiga memorial marker
  Battle of Balangiga memorial marker
• Statue of Valeriano Abanador, Balangiga police chief during the Battle of Balangiga
  Statue of Valeriano Abanador, Balangiga police chief during the Battle of Balangiga
• Historical marker at the foot of Abanador statueTemplate:Efn
  Historical marker at the foot of Abanador statueTemplate:Efn

Cultural references

• Gina Apostol, Insurrecto (Soho Press, 2018)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

See also

• Balangiga bells, on the taking of the bells as spoils of war in 1901 and their return to the Philippines in 2018
• Eugenio Daza
• Vicente Lukban
• History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
• Timeline of the Philippine–American War
• Campaigns of the Philippine–American War

Further reading

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book, Template:OCLC (e-book)
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite journal