Baldwin Street
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use New Zealand English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox street
Template:Location map Baldwin Street, in Dunedin, New Zealand, is located in the residential suburb of North East Valley, Template:Convert northeast of Dunedin's central business district. Guinness World Records calls it the steepest street in the world, meaning no street gains more altitude in 10 horizontal metres (33 ft), measured along the street's centreline.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Description
Baldwin Street runs east for about Template:Convert from the valley of the Lindsay Creek up the side of Signal Hill towards Opoho, rising from Template:Convert above sea level at its junction with North Road to Template:Convert above sea level at the top,<ref name="Hamel2008">Hamel, A. (2008) Dunedin tracks and trails. Dunedin: Silver Peaks Press. pp. 2.08–09</ref> an average slope of slightly more than 1:5. The lower reaches are only moderately steep, and the surface is asphalt, but the upper reaches are steeper and surfaced in concrete (Template:Convert long) for ease of maintenance and for safety in Dunedin's frosty winters.
The Template:Convert top section climbs Template:Convert vertically, an average gradient of 1:3.41.<ref name="infoPanel">Information panel at bottom of Baldwin Street</ref> The slope of Baldwin Street is about 1:2.86 (19° or 35%) at its maximum, about Template:Convert from the top.<ref name="infoPanel"/>
Baldwin Street is a dead-end for cars, but it is linked across the top by Buchanan Street, a footpath following an unpaved road linking it with Calder Avenue and Arnold Street. The streets running parallel to Baldwin are all steep: Arnold Street (1:3.6 or 27.77%), Dalmeny Street (1:3.7 or 27%), and Calder Avenue (1:5.4 or 13%).
History
The street's steepness was unintentional. As with many other parts of early Dunedin, and indeed New Zealand at large, streets were laid out in a grid pattern with no consideration for the terrain, usually by planners in London. In the case of Baldwin Street (and much of the Dunedin street plan), the layout was surveyed by Charles Kettle in the mid-19th century. The street is named after William Baldwin, an Otago Provincial Councillor and newspaper founder, who subdivided the area.Template:Cn
In 1987, Baldwin Street was recognised as the world's steepest street by the Guinness Book of Records following a two-year campaign by the broadcaster Jim Mora. At the time, Baldwin Street topped two competing streets in San Francisco, which hitherto had held the title of being the steepest streets in the world.<ref name="ODT 16 Jul 2019" />
On 16 July 2019, Baldwin Street lost its title of World's Steepest Street to Ffordd Pen Llech, with Baldwin Street being at a gradient of 35%, while Ffordd Pen Llech being classified at a gradient of 37.45%. Mayor of Dunedin Dave Cull said that the Dunedin City Council could consider altering the signage wording from the world's steepest street to the southern hemisphere's steepest street.<ref name="Stuff 14 Jul 2019">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ODT 16 Jul 2019">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NZH 16 Jul 2019">Template:Cite news</ref>
On 8 April 2020, after an extensive review of an appeal to return the title to Baldwin Street filed by several Dunedin residents led by surveyor Toby Stoff, Guinness decided that the steepness of the street must be based on the central axis, which meant that Ffordd Pen Llech had a gradient of 28.6% compared to Baldwin Street's 34.8%. This meant that the title of Steepest Street was returned to Baldwin Street.<ref name="Guinness 8 April 2020">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Stuff 8 April 2020">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ODT 8 April 2020">Template:Cite news</ref>
Resident reception
Tourism activity and events at Baldwin Street have greatly increased after recognition as the world's steepest street, especially with the rise of social media. The street is a popular destination on tourist buses and travel guides.<ref name="NZH 16 Jul 2019" />
Residents have mixed reception to tourist activity on the street. Many residents reported issues with some tourists being disruptive by walking in residents' gardens, lying down on the street, and being unable to turn their vehicles. Other residents have more positive thoughts, enjoying the busy activity and excitement of living on the street.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Stuff 14 Jul 2019" />
Otago Chamber of Commerce chief executive Dougal McGowan remarked that "it might be a blessing in disguise for some residents fed up with crowds of visitors, trampled gardens and bad driving decisions on the street" when Ffordd Pen Llech was briefly named the world's steepest street.<ref name="ODT 16 Jul 2019" />
Associated events and vehicle stunts
.jpg){kind=link}
Baldwin Street has attracted a lot of record hunters and daredevils attempting to either ascend or descend the street on different kinds of vehicles. Some of these attempts have been sanctioned, while others have not, including at least one fatality from misadventure.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":1">Dustbin death – The Guardian, Friday 2 March 2001</ref> In March 2001, a 19-year-old University of Otago student was killed when she and another student attempted to travel down the street inside a wheelie bin. The bin collided with a parked trailer, killing her instantly, and causing serious head injuries for the other student.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
Additionally, the street is the venue for an annual event in Dunedin, the Baldwin Street Gutbuster. Every summer since 1988,<ref name="Hamel2008" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> this exercise in fitness and balance involves athletes running from the base of the street to the top and back down again. The event attracts several hundred competitors annually, and the race record is 1 minute and 56 seconds, set in 1998.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Since 2002, a further charity event has been held annually in July, which involves the rolling of over 30,000 Jaffas (spherical confectionery-coated chocolate confectionery). Each Jaffa is sponsored by one person, with prizes to the winner and funds raised going to charity. This event follows a tradition started in 1998 when 2,000 tennis balls were released in a sponsored event raising money for Habitat for Humanity.<ref name="Hamel2008"/>
On 2 January 2010, Cardrona stuntman Ian Soanes rode down Baldwin Street on a motorcycle on one wheel. He then did a victory lap doing a wheelie up the hill one-handed while giving a thumbs-up gesture to the spectating crowd.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>
In April 2015, under controlled conditions, a trio of drift trike riders—Harley Jolly, 23; Tyson Barr, 18; and Nic Roy, 18—made headlines when they descended the street with speeds estimated to be up to 100 km/h (62 mph) to promote the sport.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> The estimated speed was approximately twice Baldwin Street's 50 km/h (31 mph) legal speed limit.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2017, Wyn Masters (also known as Wyn TV) performed a wheelie (in the form of a manual—that is, gravity power instead of pedalling) down the hill on a bicycle.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>
On 26 January 2018, 11-year-old Harry Willis raised over NZD$11,000 for the Ronald McDonald House in Christchurch by ascending the street on a pogo stick. The climb took around ten minutes. Willis's effort has since been commemorated with a plaque at the top of the street.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 10 January 2019, a man rode a Lime scooter down Baldwin Street the same day that the scooters had been introduced to Dunedin and a week after Dunedin's mayor at the time, Dave Cull, had said he was relying "on people's common sense" not to take the scooters down the world's steepest street.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In August 2022, under controlled conditions, Australian downhill skater Zak Mills-Goodwin became the first person captured on video to hill bomb the street on a skateboard (i.e. not doing slides, which reduce speed).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>
After many years of ideation and attempts,<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref><ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> an attempt at cycling up the street was made by American YouTuber and cyclist Mitch Boyer circa April 2023 after hearing about a New Zealand TV news report (which aired on the programme Seven Sharp) on his filmed ascent on the then-current street steepness world record holder of Ffordd Pen Llech. One of the show's co-hosts, Hilary Barry, said: "If you can cycle up it, it's not the world's steepest street".<ref name="auto">Template:Cite AV media</ref><ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> Upon learning that Boyer was making the 30-hour trip to attempt the challenge and playfully make Barry regret her words, she offered to help film the attempts for their show. After two failed attempts, Boyer managed to scale the street, sometimes deploying a zigzagging technique (a self-imposed restriction he later discarded after the second attempt due to difficulty). He used a chainring of 52–36 and a cassette of 11–34 to get a minimum gear ratio of 1.058, including optimising the tyres for weight.<ref name="auto"/>
See also
Other steep streets include:
- A street in Stilfs in South Tyrol (Italy) has a 40% gradient as indicated by the street sign. This is a residential street and a cul-de-sac.<ref>[1] Google Street View</ref>
- The Côte St-Ange in Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada, with an alleged 33% gradient (about 18°). However, this again appears to be down to confusion between slope angle and percentage grade; the street is signed as having an 18% grade.<ref>[2] Google Street View</ref>
- Canton Avenue, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; it is officially measured to be a 37% grade.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, that angle of 37% only extends about Template:Convert, whereas Baldwin Street's steepest part stretches considerably farther.
- Eldred Street in Los Angeles, United States; one of three streets in Los Angeles between 32% and 33.3%.<ref>Getting the Slant on L.A.'s Steepest Street – Los Angeles Times, Thursday 21 August 2003</ref>
- Filbert and 22nd Streets in San Francisco, California, United States, each have 31 to 31.5% (17°) for Template:Convert.<ref>Baldwin St steeped in controversy – Otago Experience (Dunedin City Council newsletter), Issue 3, March 2003, page 5</ref> Several short pieces of San Francisco streets are steeper, including a 9-metre section of Bradford street paved in 2010 that averages 39–40% grade.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }} The steep part of Bradford St is at Template:Coord. The rest of the street is around 25% grade, but the short piece is legit: 11.48 vertical feet in 30.9 ft of pavement, or 28.7 horizontal feet. That's measured in a straight line along the pavement; if you measure along the sort-of-centerline the grade is 39.6%.</ref>
- Waipio Valley Road (Template:Coord) on the island of Hawaii. As measured by Stephen Von Worley, the road has long sections that measure 30% with peak gradients much higher; some areas up to 45%.<ref>Jennings, Ken. "Is This Hawaiian Street the World's Steepest Road?", Conde Nast Traveler, 20 October 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2015.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This is a paved public road but it is not a residential street and is open only to 4 wheel drive vehicles.
- Ffordd Pen Llech in Harlech, Wales, has a reported slope of 36.6% (rounded to 40% on the warning sign).
- Muro di Sormano (Wall of Sormano) is a well-known cycling stage in Northern Italy, with a maximum gradient of 27%, included in the Giro di Lombardia cycling race.
- Paso Florentino in Mexico City has a reported slope of 45%. Car accidents happen frequently on the street because of the inclination.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Many streets in the west of England and in Wales have reported slopes of 33% and higher. Vale Street in Bristol is often also reported as the steepest street in Britain (21.81°/40.02%<ref>Meierhans, Jennifer. "Where is England's Steepest Street?", BBC News, 19 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref>) and hence may have a slope even steeper than 36.6%. However, these roads are mostly shorter roads than those listed above, with far more frequent turns as opposed to the straight path of Baldwin.
Gallery
-
Looking upwards
-
Photographed with the street level
-
Parked car
