Banana slug
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Banana slugs (Ariolimax) are a genus of air-breathing, terrestrial gastropod slugs in the family Ariolimacidae.<ref name="WoRMS">MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Ariolimax Mörch, 1859. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=995725 on 2021-08-25</ref> They are often yellow in color and their elongated shape can resemble a banana, thus giving rise to their common name.
Species
Species within the genus Ariolimax include:
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Ariolimax buttoni (Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1896) | Button's banana slug | California | Single spot on the mantle |
 |
Ariolimax californicus (J. G. Cooper, 1872) | California banana slug<ref name="TURGON">Template:Cite book</ref> | California, Oregon | Light yellow, Length 175–200mm |
 |
Ariolimax columbianus (Gould, 1851) | Pacific banana slug<ref name="TURGON" /> | United States (Alaska, California, Idaho, Oregon, Washington), Canada (British Columbia) | Olive green with black spots and blotches, Length 185–260mm |
_and_Dandelion_Seed.jpg) |
Ariolimax dolichophallus (Mead, 1943) | Slender banana slug<ref name="TURGON" /><ref>ITIS Standard Report Page Ariolimax dolichophallus Mead, 1943, Integrated Taxonomic Information System - United States Government</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | Coastal Central California | Light yellow, Length 150–180mm |
 |
Ariolimax stramineus (Hemphill, 1891) | Southern Pacific banana slug |
Synonyms: File:2022-06-13, Banana Slug in Motion (Beaver Lake Park, Sammamish, Washington), video1.webm
- Ariolimax andersonii J. G. Cooper, 1872: synonym of Prophysaon andersonii (J.G. Cooper, 1872) (unaccepted combination)
- Ariolimax californicus J.G. Cooper, 1872: synonym of Ariolimax californicus J.G. Cooper, 1872
- Ariolimax californicus costaricensis Cockerell, 1890: synonym of Deroceras costaricensis (Cockerell, 1890)
- Ariolimax hemphilli W. G. Binney, 1875: synonym of Hesperarion hemphilli (W.G. Binney, 1875)
- Ariolimax niger J. G. Cooper, 1872: synonym of Hesperarion niger (J. G. Cooper, 1872)
- Ariolimax steindachneri Babor, 1900: synonym of Ariolimax columbianus (Gould, 1851)
Description
Banana slugs are often bright yellow (giving rise to the "banana" nomenclature) although they may also be greenish, brown, tan, or white. The species Ariolimax columbianus sometimes has black spots that are so extensive that the animal can look almost entirely black. Individual slugs can change colors with alterations in diet, light exposure, and moisture levels. Color may also be an indicator of the age or health status of an individual.<ref name=Harper1988>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Pacific banana slug is the second-largest species of terrestrial slug in the world, achieving a length of up to Template:Convert<ref name=Thomas>Template:Cite web</ref> and a weight of up to Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The largest slug species is Limax cinereoniger, which can reach Template:Convert in length. Banana slugs have an average lifespan of 1–7 years.<ref name=Harper1988/>
Banana slugs (like other gastropods and many other mollusks) have a radula, a ribbon-like anatomical structure covered in rows of microscopic teeth. The radula is used for feeding.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> Individuals can move at Template:Convert per minute.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Slugs use two pairs of tentacles to sense their environment. The longer, upper pair are used to detect light or movement. The shorter, lower pair are used to detect chemicals. Both pairs of tentacles are muscular hydrostats which can be fully retracted when necessary to avoid damage. If the animal loses a tentacle, the slug can grow a new one.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Banana slugs have a single pallial lung which opens externally via a pneumostome on the right side of the mantle of the animal. The pneumostome lung cavity is heavily vascularized to allow gas exchange. Dehydration is a major problem for the mollusk; to combat this, banana slugs excrete a thick coating of mucus around their bodies and can also aestivate. To do so, they secrete a protective layer of mucus and insulate themselves with a layer of soil and leaves. They remain inactive in this state until the environment becomes moist again. Due to their susceptibility to desiccation, they are more commonly active at night, but also appear during cool, moist days.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The slime also contains pheromones to attract other slugs for mating. Slugs are simultaneous hermaphrodites,<ref name="National Geographic-2023">Template:Cite web</ref> and reproduce by exchanging sperm with their mate. They produce up to 75 translucent eggs, which are laid in a log or on leaves. Slugs mate and lay eggs throughout the year. The adults provide no further care for their eggs beyond finding a suitable hiding spot, and the eggs are abandoned as soon as the clutch is laid.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Distribution
Ariolimax columbianus is native to the forest floors along North America's Pacific coastal coniferous rainforest belt (including douglas-fir forests and redwood forests) which stretches from Southeastern Alaska to Santa Cruz, California.
Several discontinuous populations also occur in forested slopes of the coastal and transverse mountain ranges south of Santa Cruz as far south as Ventura County, with a tiny, isolated population located in Palomar Mountain State Park within the Palomar Mountain Range in San Diego County, California. The Palomar Mountains have lush Sierra Nevada-like coniferous forests and black oak woodlands unlike the surrounding semiarid lands of inland San Diego County and mark the southernmost population of banana slugs.
Small, isolated populations also occur east of the Pacific Coast such as in the inland coniferous rainforests of British Columbia's Columbia Mountains (interior wet-belt), just west of the Canadian Rockies, and have been seen at lower elevations near creeks and damp areas of Mount Revelstoke National Park. Small populations of banana slugs have also been seen along creek and damp areas of the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains to the north of Yosemite National Park in California. Slug densities in these outlying areas in the Columbia Mountains, Sierra Nevada Mountains, and areas south of Santa Cruz are low compared to densities in the coastal coniferous rainforest belt and are rather restricted to damp areas near creeks, ravines, and gullies.<ref>Banana Slugs by the Project Noah Nature School https://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/12002129</ref> This population may also be a relic from the Pleistocene epoch.
Ecology
Banana slugs are detritivores, or decomposers. They consume leaves, animal droppings, moss, and dead plant material, and then recycle them into soil humus.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They are generalist feeders, though they exhibit a preference for certain mushrooms.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Through their consumption of various plant matter and animal excretion, banana slugs acts as agents of seed dispersal.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They spread seeds and spores, and excrete a nitrogen-rich fertilizer.<ref name="KQED-2015">Template:Cite web</ref> Additionally, by consuming dead organic matter, they contribute to decomposition and the nutrient cycles<ref>Wetzel, R. G. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. Academic Press. 2001. 3rd. p.700.</ref> and are an important aspect of the ecosystem.
Small mammals, snakes, and salamanders sometimes eat banana slugs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Slime
The mucus secreted by banana slugs contains chemicals that can numb the tongue of predators.<ref name="KQED-2015" /><ref name="Roberts-2013">Template:Cite journal</ref> This mucus can absorb up to 100 times its volume in water.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Technically, this slime is neither liquid nor solid, but rather a liquid crystal substance.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Slug slime bears a resemblance to human mucus, primarily composed of proteins known as mucins.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Upon contact with environmental moisture, dry mucin granules swell dramatically, expanding to hundreds of times their original volume.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This expansion contributes to the slimy texture but does not involve the numbing effect seen in banana slugs. Moreover, the slime serves the purpose of maintaining moisture on the skin of these slug-like creatures, akin to fruit, which facilitates gas exchange to support respiration. The glycoprotein-based mucous behaves as a liquid crystal, occupying a unique state between a solid and a liquid. Its molecular dispersion prevents it from being a true liquid, yet it lacks the compactness of a solid, displaying an organized, crystal-like pattern.
This mucous secretion serves a multitude of purposes in the life of a banana slug. It aids in locomotion, allowing them to glide gracefully across the forest floor.<ref name="Roberts-2013" /> The slime also serves as a protective barrier, acting as a deterrent against potential predators and pathogens. Additionally, banana slug slime plays a role in reproduction, as slugs deposit chemical cues within the slime to attract potential mates.<ref name="National Geographic-2023" /> The slime's vivid yellow color, which is responsible for their common name, not only adds to their eccentric appearance but also acts as a warning signal to potential predators that it may not be a tasty meal. Banana slug mucus has potential to carry mites and other parasitic organisms.<ref name="Coastside Land Trust-2020">Template:Cite web</ref>
Reproduction
Banana slugs are hermaphroditic, possessing both male and female reproductive organs. This feature allows them to mate as either sex or even fertilize themselves.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The versatile slime also plays a role in their mating rituals. During the mating phase, banana slugs release pheromones through their adhesive trails to attract potential partners.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Due to a slug's ability for self-fertilization, there is a high degree of homozygosity. Notably, their courtship process can be quite robust and, in certain species, may culminate in apophallation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> During the mating ritual between two slugs, they both engage in a dance-like action where they will circle each other, occasionally lunging, nipping, and tail whipping.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> University of California, Santa Cruz research associate Janet Leonard notes that apophallation occurs some time after copulation, and the process of chewing takes around 45 minutes, but can take longer.<ref name="Coastside Land Trust-2020" /> After mating, the slugs separate and seek a sheltered location to lay their eggs. An impregnated slug will typically lay a range of 3 to 50 eggs in a small crevice. These eggs will typically hatch within a month or two, and the young slugs will mature over several months. Their offspring will typically contain a pale white hue and as they grow acquire their distinct yellow color.Template:Citation needed
In culture
Banana slugs have been used as food by Yurok Natives of the North Coast and by German immigrants in the 19th and early 20th centuries. A yearly festival and contest is held at Russian River including slug races and a contest for recipesTemplate:Sndthough, even when fed corn meal to purge them or soaked in vinegar to remove slime, the slugs' flavor is not always well regarded for the modern palate, and the most successful entries are often those in which the flavor is unnoticeable.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The banana slug (specifically Ariolimax dolichophallus, which is the most common banana slug on campus) is the mascot of the University of California, Santa Cruz. It is common in local forests, was approved by a student vote,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and was named the best college mascot by Reader's Digest in 2004.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Every Little Thing podcast also dedicated half an episode to discussing the banana slug and its historical relevance to the UCSC.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After celebrating 25 years of the establishment of the banana slug as UCSC's mascot, on September 27, 2011, the Santa Cruz City Council declared that day as the official "Day of the UC Santa Cruz Banana Slug."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> One T-shirt caption was: "No known predators!".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On September 27, 2024, Governor Gavin Newsom signed AB 1850, making the banana slug the official state slug of California.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>