Baoulé language
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Baoulé (native name: Template:Lang), also known as Baule or Bawule,Template:Citation needed is a language spoken in central and southern Ivory Coast, including in the regions of Lacs, Lagunes, Gôh-Djiboua, Sassandra-Marahoué, Vallée du Bandama, Woroba, and Yamoussoukro, by approximately 5.3 million people.<ref name=e26/> It is a Kwa language of the Central Tano branch, forming a dialect continuum with Anyin and closely related to Nzema and Sehwi.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is the common language of the Baoulé people, the largest ethnic group in Ivory Coast.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Translations of the Bible
In 1946, portions of the Bible translated into Baoulé were first published; the full New Testament followed in 1953.Template:Citation needed The complete Bible was published first in 1998, by the Bible Society in Abidjan.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labial- velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k | kp |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | g | gb | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | |||
| voiced | v | z | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Of these vowels, five may be nasalized: /ĩ/, /ɛ̃/, /ã/, /ũ/, and /ɔ̃/.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Tones
Baoulé has five tones: high, low, mid, rising, and falling.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Orthography
Baoulé uses the following letters to indicate the following phonemes:<ref name=":0" />
| Uppercase | A | B | C | D | E | Ɛ | F | G | GB | I | J | L | K | KP | M | N | NY | O | Ɔ | P | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowercase | a | b | c | d | e | ɛ | f | g | gb | i | j | l | k | kp | m | n | ny | o | ɔ | p | s | t | u | v | w | y | z |
| Phoneme | /a/ | /b/ | /c/ | /d/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /f/ | /g/ | /gb/ | /i/ | /ɟ/ | /l/ | /k/ | /kp/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | /o/ | /ɔ/ | /p/ | /s/ | /t/ | /u/ | /v/ | /w/ | /j/ | /z/ |
See also
References
Further reading
- Timyan, Judith E., "A Discourse-Based Grammar of Baule: The Kode Dialect" (1977). CUNY Academic Works.
- Carteron, Michel. 1972. Étude de la langue baoule. Baconda, Cote d'Ivoire: s.n.
External links
- Baoulé entry at the World Atlas of Language Structures
- PanAfriL10n page on Anyi & Baule
- Baoulé Phonology (French)
- Baule kasahorow
Template:Incubator Template:Languages of Ivory Coast Template:Kwa languages