Baqa al-Gharbiyye
Template:Short description Template:Pp-extended Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox settlement Baqa al-Gharbiyye (Template:Langx, Template:Langx; lit. Western Baqa) is a predominantly Arab city in the "Triangle" region of Israel near the Green Line. In 2003, Baqa al-Gharbiyye united with the Jatt local council to form Baqa-Jatt, a unification that was dissolved a few years later. The city had a population of Template:Israel populations in Template:Israel populations.Template:Israel populations
History
Pottery remains from the Intermediate Bronze Age, Iron Age II and Hellenistic era have been found here.<ref name=Zertal>Zertal, 2016, pp. 334-336</ref>
Roman, Byzantine and Umayyad eras
An olive press, quarries and a winepress believed to date to the Hellenistic or Early Roman period have been found.<ref>Mahajna, 2007, Baqa al-Gharbiya (East)</ref> Ceramic objects from the late Roman or early Byzantine periods have also been found,<ref name="Dauphin">Dauphin, 1998, p. 755</ref> and a burial cave, with remains dating to Byzantine and the beginning of the Umayyad periods (sixth–seventh centuries CE).<ref>Sharvit, 2009, Baqa el-Gharbiya</ref>
Crusader/Mamluk eras
In 1265 Sultan Baibars divided the village between the emirs 'Ala' al-Din Taibars al-Zahiri and Ala' al-Din 'Ali al-Tunkuzi when the villages of Palestine were divided up between those who fought against the Crusaders.<ref name=Zertal/><ref>Ibn al-Furat, 1971, pp. 81, 209, 249 (map)</ref>
Ottoman era
In 1517 the village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. During the 16th and 17th centuries, Baqa belonged to the Turabay Emirate (1517-1683), which encompassed also the Jezreel Valley, Haifa, Jenin, Beit She'an Valley, northern Jabal Nablus, Bilad al-Ruha/Ramot Menashe, and the northern part of the Sharon plain.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Baqa was mentioned in an Ottoman document in 1538, as a five-family small village with 11 non-married people.Template:Citation needed In 1596, Baqa al-Gharbiyye appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Jabal Shami, part of the Sanjak of Nablus. It had a population of 5 Muslim households who paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on wheat, barley, summer crops, goats or beehives, and a press for olives or grapes; a total of 12,000 akçe. Half of the revenue went to the waqf of al-Haramayn as-Sarifayn.<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 127</ref>
In 1838 it was noted as a village, Bakah, the west, in the western Esh-Sha'rawiyeh administrative region, north of Nablus.<ref name=Robinson129>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd Appendix, p. 129</ref>
In 1870, the French explorer Victor Guérin described the village as built on a low hill with wells and cisterns that looked ancient. He estimated the population to be 1500.<ref>Guérin, 1875, p. 345, partly translated in Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 171</ref> In 1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of al-Sha'rawiyya al-Sharqiyya.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1882 the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Baqa al-Gharbiyye as a village of moderate size that stood out in the landscape with a few olive trees and orchards to the south.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 152</ref>
British Mandate
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Baqa Gharbiyeh had a population of 1,443; 1442 Muslim<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Tulkarem, p. 27</ref> and one Anglican Christian.<ref name=Census1922b>Barron, 1923, Table XV, p. 48</ref> In the 1931 census of Palestine, Baqa was recorded as having a population of 1,640 Muslims living in 403 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. 53</ref> These numbers included the nearby smaller locality El Manshiya.<ref name="Census1931"/> During the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine the village was under strict British martial law and collective punishment was imposed on villages where militants were found.
On 25 August 1938 a clash took place in Baka in which British officers were killed and three villagers were wounded. The next day, the British ordered the inhabitants to leave, taking nothing with them. Most of the homes destroyed. The villagers were forced to walk to the Nur al-Shams Camp near Tulkarm. The next day the villagers returned to find the village in ruins. This was one of the largest British attacks on a Palestinian village during the revolt. Members of the older generation say men, women and children threw stones and rocks at the camp to free those who were arrested. Template:Citation needed
In the 1945 statistics the population of Baqa al-Gharbiyye (including Manshiyat Baqa) consisted of 2,240 Muslims<ref name=1945p20>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 20</ref> with a total land area of 21,116 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.<ref name=Hadawi45>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 74</ref> Of this, 861 dunams were designated for plantations and irrigable land, 18,986 for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 124</ref> while 76 dunams were built-up (urban) areas.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 174</ref>
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Baqa al-Gharbiyye 1942 1:20,000 -
Baqa al-Gharbiyye 1945 1:250,000
Israel
In the early years of Israeli independence, Baqa al-Gharbiyye was one of the headquarters of the Israeli military administration.<ref name="Jiryis">Jiryis, 1976, pp. 24,292</ref> The land holdings of the town, which had been 21,116 dunams in 1945, were reduced to 8,228 dunams by 1962, mostly due to expropriation in 1953–1954.<ref name="Jiryis"/> In 1963, the Baka canning plant went into partnership with Priman, an Israeli company that relocated to Baqa al-Gharibiyye.<ref name="jstor.org"/>
In 1996, Baqa al-Gharbiyye was declared a city. In 2003 it was merged with the nearby town Jatt, becoming Baqa-Jatt.<ref name=Peled>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Baqa al-Gharbiyye is separated from its West Bank sister city, Baqa ash-Sharqiyya (or Baqa East), by the Israeli West Bank barrier which in this section coincides with the Green Line.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As a result, a concrete wall topped with barbed wire runs through one neighbourhood.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
As the Israeli foreign minister in April and June 2008, Tzipi Livni raised the possibility of territorial exchange with Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas. She proposed transferring Israeli Arab communities, among them Baqa al-Gharbiyeh, to the Palestinian side of the border. The Palestinians rejected the proposal.<ref>'Livni proposed moving several Israeli Arab towns to Palestinian side of border', Haaretz</ref>
Demographics
In 2019, the official population was 29.000. Together with Jatt (11,000) the estimated population is 40,000. The ethnic makeup of the city is entirely Muslim Arab Palestinian. The city is made up of 51% males and 49% females. Baqa has a population growth rate of 3.1%. The population of the city is spread out, with 48.6% 19 years of age or younger, 18.4% between 20 and 29, 18.9% between 30 and 44, 9.5% from 45 to 59, 1.8% from 60 to 64, and 2.8% 65 years of age or older.
Baqa al-Gharbiyye was settled in the 18th century by migrants from Allar amid conflicts with Jit settlers. Today, its residents have diverse backgrounds, including families with roots tracing back to Egypt and Persia.<ref>Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in Shomron studies. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 370</ref>
Education and culture
According to CBS, 47.8% of 12th grade students were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001. There are 6 elementary school, two junior-high schools and two high school, in addition to a private school. In addition to the official education institutions, Baqa has a wide range of private educational institutions which provide services to the city residents as well as people from the whole region. In addition, The Al-Rahma School (Template:Lang) in the city provides Special education for the city and the surrounding towns and villages.
The Al-Qasemi Academic College of Education is open to students from around the country, and has a combined Arab and Jewish faculty. The college is part of the Al-Qasemi group which aims to establish high-standard education through private schools, a library and centers for extra-curricular education.<ref>Al-Qasemi Academic College of Education</ref>
Economy
Baqa al-Gharbiyye is considered a commercial and industrial center for nearby towns, villages and kibbutzim. There are over 400 workshops in Baqa. Industrial zones make up 8.5% of city's area.
Environmental issues
In 2007, the mayors of Baqa al-Gharbiyya and Baqa ash-Sharqiyya signed an agreement to clean up Wadi Abu Nar, a polluted stream that runs through both villages. The mayors also committed to protecting the mountain aquifer, the most important underground water source for Israelis and Palestinians, by establishing an authorized sewage grid-system. Baqa al-Gharbiyya agreed to connect the town's sewage treatment plant with a waste disposal network in Baqa al Sharkiya.<ref>Israeli and Palestinian Mayors Battle Pollution</ref>
Notable people
References
Bibliography
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External links
- Welcome To Baqa al-Gharbiya
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 11: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- אתר העירייה موقع بلدية باقة الغربية http://baqa.co.il/
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