Batman, Turkey
Template:Redirect Template:Pp-vandalism Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox Turkey place Batman (Template:Langx;Template:Sfnp Template:Langx)Template:SfnpTemplate:Efn is a city and capital of Batman District in Batman Province, Turkey. It lies on a plateau, Template:Convert above sea level, near the confluence of the Batman River and the Tigris and had a population of 452,157 in 2021.<ref name=":02">Template:Cite web</ref> It is populated by Kurds and considered to be part of Turkish Kurdistan.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":22">Template:Cite book</ref>
The Batı Raman oil field, which is the largest oil field in Turkey, is located just outside the city. Batman has a local airport and a military airbase, which was used for transit of aircraft and helicopters in some search and rescue operations during the Gulf War.
Until the 1950s, Batman was a village, with a population of about 3,000. However, oil fields were discovered around it in the 1940s that resulted in a rapid development of the area and in the inflow of workforce from other parts of Turkey. In 1957, the village was renamed Batman, after the river namesake, received a city status and became a district center. Over the next 50 years, a significant amount of Batman's one-story buildings were rebuilt as multi-story buildings. As a result, its population grew to many times its previous size. A Template:Convert km long oil pipeline was built in 1967 from Batman to the port city of Dörtyol near the easternmost point of the Mediterranean coast in order to transport the crude oil from the Batman refinery. In 1990, the city became the capital of Batman Province.
Apart from oil, which is by far the dominant commodity of the region, Batman produces beverages, processed food, chemicals, furniture, footwear, machinery and transport equipment. A university was established in 2007, Batman University, and is part of the Erasmus foreign student exchange program.
History
Elīḥā (today called Batman) was historically inhabited by Syriac Orthodox Christians and Kurdish-speaking Armenians.Template:Sfnmp In the Syriac Orthodox patriarchal register of dues of 1870, it was recorded that the village had 1 household, who paid 10 dues, and did not have a church or a priest.Template:Sfnp There were 15 Armenian hearths in 1880.Template:Sfnp There was an Armenian church of Surb Astvatsatsin.Template:Sfnp It is tentatively identified with the village of Yliga, which was populated by 100 Syriacs in 1914, according to the list presented to the Paris Peace Conference by the Assyro-Chaldean delegation.Template:Sfnmp It was located in the kaza (district) of Beşiri.Template:Sfnp The Armenians were attacked by the Belek, Bekran, Şegro, and other Kurdish tribes in May 1915 amidst the Armenian genocide.Template:Sfnp
The locality was made the capital of a district in the Siirt Province in 1957,<ref name="r1">Batman, gap.gov.tr</ref> and as the Batman province was founded in May 1990, also its capital.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The city was connected with Istanbul in 1944 by a railway line. This was the major transportation route until the 1950s when highways gradually became more important. Until the 1950s, Batman was a village of some 3,000 people;<ref>ALTIN MİKROFON 40 YIL ARADAN SONRA BATMANDA. Batmanpostasigazetesi.com. 6 October 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2011.</ref> it was called Iluh and belonged to the Siirt Province. It was first located in the Elmedin district of Siirt. The entire district disappeared in the early 1926 due to the flood of the Batman River. After that, Iluh became part of Beşiri sub-province.<ref>Balaban, 152</ref> On 2 September 1957, the village became a district center and renamed Batman after the river flowing nearby, which was known under its modern name since at least the 19th century.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 16 May 1990, it was designated the capital of the Batman Province.<ref name="g3">Batman. Tarihçe, kultur.gov.tr, 21 February 2007 (in Turkish)</ref>
This administrative evolution reflected the rapid growth of the city owing to its oil extraction and refinement industries. Oil was found in the region in the 1930s and the oldest in Turkey refinery was built in 1955 to process crude oil of the Raman and Garzan areas. The refinery is operated by Tüpraş, it has a processing capacity of 1.1 million tonnes per year and storage capacity of 253 billion m3 (330,000 million cubic yards).<ref name="r1"/><ref>About Tüpraş refineries. tupras.com.tr</ref><ref name="g1">Batman. Genel Bilgiler, kultur.gov.tr, 18 June 2008 (in Turkish)</ref>
Development of the oil fields outside the city resulted in a rapid growth of Batman beginning in the 1950s. As a result, the city was declared a "Priority Region for Development". A high school was established in the city in 1975 and most one-story houses were rebuilt into multi-story buildings. However, the large inflow of labor for the oil industry resulted in construction of hundreds of unauthorized small buildings on the outskirts of the city. Because of the wind direction, most industrial complexes were located in the southern and south-eastern areas.<ref name="b155">Balaban, 155</ref>
Kurdish–Turkish conflict
1990s
The oil-related development of Batman also resulted in relocation of ethnic Turks into the mostly Kurdish-populated Batman Province. This led to ethnic conflicts that escalated in the 1990s. More than 180 civilians were killed in the Batman city area by unidentified gunmen between 1992 and 1993.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
21st century
In June 2000, the then-Mayor Abdullah Akın attempted to rename up to 200 streets, and give them names of events from Kurdish history or of people who supported Kurdish culture. A Turkish court prohibited the renaming of some streets, but a few other names were allowed to be passed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2010, the city was the location for the first Kurdish film festival in Turkey.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> In the opening ceremony a letter of the imprisoned mayor Nejdet Atalay was read out in the Kurdish language, highlighting the struggles the Kurds have to go through in Turkey, which does not recognize the Kurdish language.<ref name=":1" />
2014–2015
During the 2014 Kobanî protests, which were part of the broader third phase of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, local Kurdish youth affiliated with the YDG-H organized popular protests and riots in the city of Batman.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This led to the arrest of several individuals, including children,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> accused of "spreading PKK propaganda."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Furthermore, according to Amnesty International, several killings occurred during clashes between Kurdish youth affiliated with the YDG-H on one side, and Turkish police and members of the Sunni Islamist Hüda Par on the other.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In November 2024, following the replacement of pro-Kurdish Peoples’ Equality and Democracy (DEM) Party mayors with government-appointed trustees in Batman and several other Kurdish-majority towns, protests and riots erupted in the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>
Government
In the local elections in December 1977, a candidate who openly supported Kurdish rights,<ref>Nicole F. Watts, (2011), p. 46</ref> Edip Sönmez, won the elections.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was murdered in 1979.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Kurdish Mayors Abdullah Akın (1999–2002),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Hüseyin Kalkan (2002–2009)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Nejdet Atalay<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> have all faced prosecutions and were in prison. The former mayor of Batman Nejdet Atalay, was a member of the Democratic Society Party (DTP) until the Constitutional Court of Turkey banned that party on 11 December 2009 for alleged ties to the Kurdistan Workers' Party. This decision banned him and 35 other members of the now-disbanded political party from joining any political party for five years.<ref>Selcan Hacaoglu (11 December 2009) Turkey Bans Pro-Kurdish Party Over Ties to Rebels Template:Webarchive, Associated Press.</ref> In 2014 Sabri Özdemir won the elections.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> But he was suspended as mayor in October 2015 for "Self governance" remarks<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and later dismissed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In the local elections of March 2019, Mehmet Demir was elected Mayor of Batman,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but on 23 February 2020, he was dismissed and a trustee was appointed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The kaymakam is Osman Bilici.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On 4 November, mayors from the pro-Kurdish DEM Party in the cities of Batman, Mardin and Halfeti were replaced with government-appointed administrators.<ref name=":2" />
Demography
According to the national census data collected between 1990 and 2000, the population of Batman is growing at a rate of 5% per year.<ref>The Characteristics Of The Population By Provinces, 2000 Population Census. City and Village Population, Annual Growth Rate of Population, Surface Area and Population Density By Districts. turkstat.gov.tr</ref> By 2008, it reached a population of 298,342, with a male to female ratio of 1.015.<ref>Turkish Institute of Statistics. 2008 dataTemplate:Dead link</ref> According to the 2000 census, about 50% of population is married<ref>The Characteristics Of The Population By Provinces, 2000 Population Census. Population By Marital Status and Sex, turkstat.gov.tr</ref> and has about 5 children per family. About 5 people are living together in one house as family.<ref name="b156">Balaban, 156</ref> The unemployment rate is about 20% for males and 10% for females.<ref>The Characteristics Of The Population By Provinces, 2000 Population Census. Population By Labor Force and Sex. turkstat.gov.tr (XLS file).</ref> Kurdish is the main first-language in the city.<ref name=":0" />
Industry
Batman's primary commodity is oil, as there are multiple oil fields in the nearby area. These oil fields have spurred the creation of multiple pipelines to transmit oil to and from several important cities. Apart from oil, which is by far the dominant commodity of the region, Batman produces beverages, processed food, chemicals, furniture, footwear, machinery and transport equipment.<ref name="brit">Batman, Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>
Oil fields
Search for oil in the Batman Province started in 1935. On 20 April 1940, oil was found at a depth of Template:Convert at the Raman oil field, located south-east of Batman. The first experimental well began producing 10 tonnes (about Template:Convert) of oil per day on 6 June 1940. The field was set to be expanded for commercial production by 1945, but the production was delayed to 1947 due to the lack of storage. To solve this, a small refinery was built at the site with a capacity of 9 tonnes/day in 1947, and in November 1948 a bigger refinery capable of processing up to 200 tonnes/day was completed in Batman. An even bigger refinery (330 tonnes/d) was completed in Batman in 1955.<ref>History of petroleum, tpao.gov.tr</ref> Several other oil fields were discovered later around Batman, the largest being Batı Raman oil field, which produces about Template:Convert of oil daily.<ref name="oil">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Pipelines
A Template:Convert km long oil pipeline was built in 1967 from Batman to Dörtyol, a port city located near the easternmost point of the Mediterranean coast, to transport the crude oil from the Batman region. The pipeline has an annual capacity of 3.5 million tonnes and was transporting about Template:Convert (about 2.7 million tonnes) in the 1990s and about twice less between 2003 and 2007. Another, short pipeline Template:Convert long connected Batman with Şelmo, which is the location of the second largest oil field in Turkey.<ref>Turkey, TransAtlantic Petroleum</ref> It transferred between 1.5 and Template:Convert of oil per year between the years of 1990 and 2007. Both pipelines are operated by BOTAŞ.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Culture
Education
According to the census of 2000, 15% males and 43% females of Batman were categorized as illiterate. Within the literate part, about 33% males and 29% females have not finished secondary school, 3.3% males and 0.9% females had university education, and about 13% males and 3.8% females had completed a high-school or an equivalent program.<ref>The Characteristics Of The Population By Provinces, 2000 Population Census. Population By Literacy, Education Level and Sex, turkstat.gov.tr</ref> There are 71 elementary and 12 high schools in Batman.
Batman University
The city also has a university, Batman University, which was founded on 27 May 2007. It employs about 140 staff members and has the faculties of Science and Letters, Technical Education, and Engineering, which mostly cover topics about engineering, business, and administration. About 2,500 students, who come from different parts of Turkey, study at the university. The university is part of the Erasmus foreign student exchange program.<ref>Studying in Turkey for Erasmus 2010–2011, The Centre for UE Education and Youth Programmes, September 2010</ref>
Sport
Association football is the most popular sport in Batman. The city has a professional football club, Batman Petrolspor, which was formed in 1960 and plays in the third division TFF Third League. The club was named after the petroleum industry of the city. Another local football team, 72 Batmanspor, participates in the Amateur League. There is a football stadium in Batman, which has a seating capacity of 4,900 spectators.<ref name="tff">BATMAN PETROLSPOR tff.org Template:In lang. Retrieved 25 June 2010.</ref>
Another popular sport is wrestling. Freestyle wrestlers from Batman have won national competitions, and Ali Riza Alan won gold in 1970 and silver in 1974 in world championships in the weight category under Template:Convert.<ref name="tarihce">Tarihçe. batmanpetrolsk.org Template:In lang. Retrieved 25 June 2010.</ref> The major sport venue of Batman, Atatürk Sports Hall, can accommodate 1,000 spectators and supports many athletics, such as badminton, basketball, gymnastics, wrestling, folk dance, handball, martial arts (such as kurash, judo, aikido, wushu, karate and taekwondo), table tennis, volleyball and swimming.<ref>Batman. İl Spor Profili – Sportif Faaliyetler, kultur.gov.tr, 21 February 2007</ref>
Transportation
Batman is connected by highways and railway with the nearby cities of Diyarbakır and Kurtalan and with the capital Ankara. The distance (using highways) to Istanbul is Template:Convert, to Ankara Template:Convert, and to İzmir Template:Convert. There is also a regional airport outside of Batman at Template:Coord, which provides direct flights to İzmir, Ankara and Istanbul.<ref name="brit" /><ref>Batman. Nasıl Gidilir?, kultur.gov.tr, 19 February 2007</ref> The airport is combined with the military Batman Air Base. The base was renovated after the US-Turkey agreement in 1982 to make the base available for US tactical aircraft acting within NATO forces. This allowed them to patrol the region of Caucasus, Turkey and Iran without refueling.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The base was then used for aid delivery and rescue missions in Iraq during the 1991 Gulf War.<ref>Batman Air Base, Turkey. globalsecurity.org</ref><ref>Darrel D. Whitcomb (2006) Combat Search and Rescue in Desert Storm, Air University Press, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama</ref>
Geography
Batman is built on a flat plateau elevated at Template:Convert above the sea level, though there is a declining slope of up to 0.6° in the northeastern and southern areas.<ref>Balaban, 157</ref> There are almost no forests in and around the city. The Iluh River, a tributary of the Batman River, flows through the city. The soil mostly consists of soft and porous clay; it is unstable and is easily eroded with rain and floods of the Batman and Iluh rivers. The floods usually occur between March and May, although they sometimes occur between October and November. Major floods occurred in 1969 (April, 60 buildings damaged), 1972 (April and May, 210 buildings damaged), 1991 (November, 500 buildings flooded), 1995 (March, nearly 1000 buildings submerged and 450 damaged) and 2006 (October, 11 people died and 20 injured).<ref name="b147">Balaban, 147–149</ref><ref>Balaban, 157: there is a likely misprint on p. 149 and the number of killed was 11 rather than 100</ref>
Climate
Batman has a hot summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa, Trewartha: Cs). Summers in the city are, on average, one of the hottest in the nation, averaging Template:Convert in July. Rainfall is almost non-existent during the summer months, with many summer months passing by without measurable precipitation. Winters are cool and wet with frosty nights. Snowfall is sporadic between the months of December and March, snowing for a week or two, with a record snow depth of Template:Convert.
Highest recorded temperature:Template:Convert on 10 July 1962
Lowest recorded temperature:Template:Convert on 1 January 2007<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Notable people
- İbrahim Bilgen (1949–2010), Kurdish politician
- Nalin Pekgul (Template:Born-in), Kurdish politician
References
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Bibliography
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