Battle of Hoke's Run

The Battle of Hoke's Run, also known as the Battle of Falling Waters or Battle of Hainesville, took place on July 2, 1861, in Berkeley County, Virginia (now West Virginia) as part of the Manassas campaign of the American Civil War.<ref name=NPS/> Notable as an early engagement of Confederate Colonel Thomas J. Jackson and his Brigade of Virginia Volunteers, nineteen days before their famous nickname would originate, this brief skirmish was hailed by both sides as a stern lesson to the other.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Acting precisely upon the orders of a superior officer<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> about how to operate in the face of superior numbers, Jackson's Confederate forces resisted General Robert Patterson's Union forces briefly and then slowly retreated over several miles.

Opposing forces

Union order of battle

The Department of Pennsylvania represented the Union Army at the Battle of Hoke's Run during the outset of the American Civil War. Although the entire force crossed the Potomac River into Virginia, the First and Sixth Brigades were primarily engaged.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Military rank

• MG = Major General
• BG = Brigadier General
• Col = Colonel
• Ltc = Lieutenant Colonel
• Maj = Major
• Cpt = Captain

Other abbreviations

• w = wounded
• mw = mortally wounded
• k = killed
• c = captured

Department of Pennsylvania

Template:Further MG Robert Patterson

Division	Brigade	Regiments and Others
First Division<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>      BG George Cadwallader	1st Brigade<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>    Col George H. Thomas	6th Pennsylvania: Col James Nagle 21st Pennsylvania: Col John F. Ballier 23rd Pennsylvania: Col Charles P. Dare Philadelphia City Troop (cavalry) (1 Company): Cpt Thomas James 2nd U.S. Cavalry (3 Companies) Heavy Artillery, 1 Battery: Cpt Abner Doubleday
	3rd Brigade<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>   BG Alpheus S. Williams	7th Pennsylvania: Col William H. Irwin 8th Pennsylvania: Col A.H. Emley 10th Pennsylvania: Col Sullivan A. Meredith 20th Pennsylvania: Col William H. Gray
	4th Brigade<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>   Col Dixon S. Miles (until June 17)   Col. J. C. Longenecker	9th Pennsylvania: Col Henry C. Longnecker 13th Pennsylvania: Col Thomas A. Rowley 16th Pennsylvania: Col Thomas A. Ziegle 2nd & 3rd U.S. (detachments): Maj Oliver L. Shepherd
Second Division<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>      MG William H. Keim	2nd Brigade<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>   BG G. C. Wynkoop	1st Pennsylvania: Col Samuel Yohe 2nd Pennsylvania: Col Frederick S. Stumbaugh 3rd Pennsylvania: Col Francis P. Minier
	5th Brigade<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>   BG J. S. Negley	14th Pennsylvania: Col John W. Johnston 15th Pennsylvania: Col Richard A. Oakford 24th Pennsylvania: Col Joshua T. Owen
	6th Brigade<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>   Col. J. J. Abercrombie	4th Connecticut: Col Levi Woodhouse 2nd Massachusetts: Col George H. Gordon 11th Pennsylvania: Col Phaon Jarrett Philadelphia Independent Rangers: Cpt McMullen 1st Wisconsin: Col John C. Starkweather
Third Division<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>      MG Charles W. Sandford	7th Brigade<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>    Col Charles P. Stone	1st New Hampshire: Col Mason Tappan 9th New York State Militia: Col John W. Styles 17th Pennsylvania: Col Francis E. Patterson 25th Pennsylvania (Companies D, F, G, I & K): Col Henry L. Cake District of Columbia (detachment): Cpt John R. Smead U. S. Cavalry: Cpt William T. Magruder 4th United States Artillery Battery F: Lt Alexander Piper
	8th Brigade    Col C. Schwarzwaelder    Col Daniel Butterfield	5th New York State Militia: Col C. Schwarzwaelder 12th New York State Militia: Col Daniel Butterfield 19th New York: Col John S. Clarke 28th New York: Col Dudley Donnelly
Unattached		11th Indiana: Col Lew Wallace 1st U. S. Artillery, Battery E 1st U. S. Artillery, Battery H

Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Hoke's Run.

Military rank

• BG = Brigadier General
• Col = Colonel
• Ltc = Lieutenant Colonel
• Cpt = Captain

Army of the Shenandoah

BG Joseph E. Johnston

Brigade	Regiments and Others
First Brigade Col Thomas J. Jackson	2nd Virginia Infantry: Col James W. Allen 4th Virginia Infantry: Col James F. Preston 5th Virginia Infantry: Col Kenton Harper 27th Virginia Infantry: Col William W. Gordon 1st Rockbridge Artillery: Cpt William N. Pendleton
Cavalry	1st Virginia Cavalry: Ltc J.E.B. Stuart

Battle

File:Hoke's Run Battlefield West Virginia.jpg

Map of Hoke's Run Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program

On July 2, Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson's division crossed the Potomac River near Williamsport, Maryland and marched on the main road to Martinsburg. Near Hoke's Run, the Union brigades of Cols. John J. Abercrombie and George H. Thomas encountered regiments of Col. Thomas J. Jackson's Confederate brigade, driving them back slowly. Jackson accomplished his orders to delay the Federal advance, withdrawing before Patterson's larger force.<ref name=NPS/>

Casualties

Estimates of casualties sustained during the battle vary. The National Park Service quotes Union as 23 and Confederate as 91 (without differentiating types of casualties).<ref name=NPS/> Kennedy cites 75 Union deaths and 25 Confederate deaths.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In his Official Report, Major-General Robert Patterson states the number of Confederate deaths as "over sixty"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but does not describe Union casualties. One Confederate battle flag was captured by the First Wisconsin, but the surrendering Confederate regiment is not identified.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
After the time for propagandizing the casualty figures ended, the following Union regiments precisely reported the sacrifices of their comrades-in-arms:

• First Wisconsin Infantry: 1 killed, 5 wounded, 1 captured.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Eleventh Pennsylvania Infantry: 1 killed, 10 wounded, none captured.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Fifteenth Pennsylvania Infantry: 1 wounded, 35 captured (six of whom died in Confederate prisons within nine months).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In addition to the above, "The Official Records of the Union and Confederates Armies, 1861-1865" and "History of Pennsylvania volunteers, 1861-5" state the following casualties:

• 2nd US cavalry: 2 captured
• 14th Pennsylvania: 12 Captured (the 1st Virginia Cavalry took 47 prisoners from the company A, 14th and company I, 15th Pennsylvania)
• McMullen's Rangers: 1 killed and 1 wounded (from the Sunbury American)

Total casualties for Union force: 3 killed, 17 wounded, and 50 captured

For the Confederacy:

• 1st Virginia Cavalry: 2 killed and 1 wounded
• 2nd Virginia Infantry: no record/report (casualties unknown)
• 5th Virginia Infantry 9 killed and 11 wounded

Total casualties for Confederate force (incomplete): 11 killed, 12 wounded

Aftermath

On July 3, Patterson occupied Martinsburg, but made no further aggressive moves until July 15, when he marched to Bunker Hill. Instead of moving on Winchester, however, Patterson turned east to Charles Town and then withdrew to Harpers Ferry.<ref name=NPS/>

Patterson's retrograde movement took pressure off Confederate forces in the Shenandoah Valley and allowed Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's Army of the Shenandoah to march to support Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard at Manassas Junction.<ref name=NPS/> Following the stunning Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, the Union commander at Hoke's Run, Robert Patterson, was assigned popular blame without participating while the Confederate commander at Hoke's Run was assigned glory for his actions during the first major battle of the war.

References

• CWSAC Report Update and Resurvey: Individual Battlefield Profiles
• Gimbel, Gary. "The End of Innocence: The Battle of Falling Waters", in Blue & Gray, Volume XXII, issue 4 (Fall 2005). ISSN 0741-2207.

External links

• Battle of Falling Waters