Battle of Mollwitz
Template:Short description Template:Infobox military conflict Template:OSM Location map The Battle of Mollwitz was fought by Prussia and Austria on 10 April 1741, during the First Silesian War (in the early stages of the War of the Austrian Succession). It was the first battle of the new Prussian King Frederick II, in which both sides made numerous military blunders. Frederick fled the battlefield, but the Prussian Army managed to attain victory. This battle cemented Frederick's authority over the newly conquered territory of Silesia and gave him valuable military experience.
Background
The War of the Austrian Succession was sparked by the death of Charles VI in 1740 and the succession of his daughter Maria Theresa.Template:Sfn The Habsburg monarchyTemplate:Efn was originally subject to Salic law, which excluded women from inheriting it; the 1713 Pragmatic Sanction set this aside, allowing Maria Theresa to succeed her father.Template:Sfn
That became a European issue because the Habsburg monarchy was the most powerful element in the Holy Roman Empire, a loose federation of mostly-German states. Its position was threatened by the growing size and power of Bavaria, Prussia, and Saxony, as well as Habsburg expansion into lands held by the Ottoman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire was headed by the Holy Roman Emperor, which was, in theory, an elected post though it had been held by a Habsburg since 1437. France, Prussia and Saxony now challenged Austrian dominance by nominating Charles of Bavaria as Emperor.Template:Sfn
In December 1740, Frederick II seized the opportunity to invade Silesia and begin the First Silesian War.Template:Sfn With a population of over one million, the Silesian mining, weaving and dyeing industries produced 10% of total Imperial income.Template:Sfn Under Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, the Prussians quickly over-ran most of the province and settled into winter quarters but failed to capture the southern fortresses of Glogau, Breslau, and Brieg.Template:Sfn Maria Theresa sent an army of about 20,000 men led by Wilhelm Reinhard von Neipperg to take back the province and assert herself as a strong monarch.Template:Sfn
Austrian army's advance north
Neipperg's army caught Frederick II completely off guard as he lingered in the province, and surged northwards past Frederick and his army to relieve the city of Neisse, which was being besieged by a small Prussian force and had not yet fallen.Template:Sfn Both Neipperg and Frederick rushed northwards in parallel columns, in a race to reach the city first. In atrocious weather, Neipperg reached Neisse first and set up camp there. Frederick II and his entire army were now caught behind enemy lines with a large Austrian force lying between him and the rest of his kingdom and his supply and communication lines cut off. Both sides knew that battle was now inevitable.Template:Sfn
Prussian preparations
Captured Austrian soldiers told Frederick the exact position of Neipperg's forces at Mollwitz, and the morning fog and snow allowed Frederick's army to advance undetected to within 2000 paces of Neipperg's camp.Template:Sfn Most commanders would then have given the order to charge the camp and rout the Austrian army, but since Frederick had never fought a campaign or a battle before, he instead decided to deploy his army in a battle line.Template:Sfn There was very heavy snow on the ground which caused snow-blindness, and Frederick miscalculated the distance to the river on his right. He deployed several of his units behind a bend in the river where they could take no part in the battle, and several more units were deployed perpendicular to his two battle lines on the right flank. It is said that Schwerin commented early on that Frederick miscalculated the distance, but he was ignored.Template:Sfn
Austrian preparations
Neipperg was unprepared for battle when he discovered Frederick's entire army was approaching.Template:Sfn Not only were Austrian troops still in bivouac and cooking food,Template:Sfn but they were scattered across three villagesTemplate:Sfnm with their front facing away from the Prussian advance.Template:Sfn Had the Prussians attacked at this time, they would have encountered only disorganized resistance.Template:Sfnm Because of the two hour delay caused by Frederick dressing his battle lines,Template:Sfn the Austrian army had the opportunity to concentrate its forces and form a battle line by the time the forces engaged one another just before 2 pm.Template:Sfnm
Battle
At the beginning of the battle, the Prussians had the larger army.Template:Sfnm They also had three times the field guns than the Austrians had; however, the Austrian cavalry outnumbered the Prussian cavalry two to one.Template:Sfn The Prussian forces advanced toward the Austrians in two lines while the Prussian artillery began bombarding the Austrian line. Six regiments of Austrian cavalry on the extreme left flank of the Austrian line, numbering 4,500 to 5,000 men and horses,Template:Sfn were goaded by the Prussian bombardment to charge the Prussian right flank without orders from Neipperg.Template:Sfnm The charge shattered the Prussian cavalry, who received the attack while at a full halt.Template:Sfn Frederick was with the Prussian cavalry and was caught up in its rout.Template:Sfnm This left the Prussian flank open to attack, and the Austrian cavalry then turned on the unprotected infantry.Template:Sfn Schwerin, the Prussian military commander under Frederick, now advised the king to leave the battlefield because it looked as though the Prussian army was about to be defeated; Frederick heeded this warning.Template:Sfn Abandoning the field, he was nearly caught and almost shot.Template:Sfn Frederick's absence allowed Schwerin, a veteran general, to take command of the troops himself.Template:SfnmTemplate:Efn
At this point of the battle, the scene was chaotic.Template:Sfn Having scattered the Prussian cavalry, the Austrian cavalry continued its attack on the Prussian infantry.Template:Sfn They charged the infantry repeatedly.Template:Sfn The firing of Prussian soldiers from the second line who were trying to stop the Austrians was also killing Prussian soldiers in the first line.Template:Sfnm When asked whether the Prussians would retreat, Schwerin answered "Over enemy bodies".Template:Sfn The Prussian infantry, which had been rigorously drilled and trained under Frederick William I,Template:Sfn held firm and continued firing rapid volleys into the Austrian cavalry, causing it tremendous losses and killing its commander, General Römer.Template:Sfn
After the repulse of the Austrian cavalry, Schwerin reformed the infantry and ordered infantry units that were short on ammunition to strip the dead of theirs.Template:Sfn He then ordered the right flank of the Prussian infantry to advance toward the Austrian infantry line,Template:Sfn with the left flank receiving the order to advance a few minutes later.Template:Sfn This resulted in an oblique order attack on the Austrian infantry line with the right flank of the Prussians overlapping the left flank of the Austrians.Template:Sfn In addition, the Prussian infantry's use of the recently invented iron ramrod,Template:Sfn allowed them to fire 4–5 shots a minute with their flintlock muskets, which was three times more rapid than any other European army at the time.Template:Sfn This combination of discipline and firepower quickly overwhelmed the Austrian infantry, which consisted of a large number of raw recruitsTemplate:Sfnm lacking the training of the Prussian infantry.Template:Sfnm Soon, the Austrian line collapsed from left to right,Template:Sfn and the Austrian army was routed from the field.Template:Sfn
Aftermath
In the end, the Prussians won a close victoryTemplate:Sfn against a numerically inferior enemyTemplate:Sfn due to the leadership of Field Marshal SchwerinTemplate:Sfnm and the superior training of the Prussian infantry.Template:Sfnm After the battle, the Austrian army was not pursued and remained intact.Template:Sfnm Neipperg retreated to Neisse,Template:Sfn remaining in Silesia to await reinforcements.Template:Sfn Frederick returned to his army the morning after the battle,Template:Sfnm restored his lines of communication, and subsequently brought the siege of Brieg to a successful conclusion.Template:Sfnm
After the battle Frederick censured himself for his mistakesTemplate:Sfnm and learned from them,Template:Sfn writing later that Mollwitz educated him and his army.Template:Sfn The battle showed that Frederick could depend on the superior training of the Prussian infantry in a battle,Template:Sfn which had proven itself able to withstand the charge of Austrian cavalry.Template:Sfn Realizing that the cavalry would have to be reformed to be able to hold its own against the excellently-trained Austrian cavalry,Template:Sfnm he soon instituted a training program to discipline the Prussian cavalry in coordinated action and precision that would increase its effectiveness in both reconnaissance and battle.Template:Sfn Mollwitz also illustrated the effectiveness of the oblique order, a tactic Frederick would use in most of his later major battles.Template:Sfn
In spite of the fact that the battle had been a near disaster for FrederickTemplate:Sfn and was not won through his direct command,Template:Sfn the victory raised his prestige in EuropeTemplate:Sfn by demonstrating that Frederick was capable of challenging the Habsburgs and emerging victorious.Template:Sfnm The Prussian victory also made it clear to Maria Theresa that she would not be able to reassert her control of Silesia easily and that Prussia was a military power that would have to be more carefully reckoned with.Template:Sfn The defeat of Maria Theresa's army at Mollwitz encouraged other rulers to deny the Pragmatic Sanction and to claim much of the Habsburg territories amongst themselves.Template:Sfn Within a few months, France, Spain, Bavaria, Saxony, Savoy and Prussia became allies in a loose coalition known as the League of Nymphenburg, widening the conflict into a larger European affair that would become known as the War of the Austrian Succession.Template:Sfn
Notes
References
Citations
Works cited
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