Ben Hur (1907 film)

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Ben Hur is a 1907 American silent drama film set in ancient Rome, the first screen adaptation of Lew Wallace's popular 1880 novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ. Co-directed by Sidney Olcott and Frank Oakes Rose, this "photoplay" was produced by the Kalem Company of New York City, and its scenes, including the climactic chariot race, were filmed in the city's borough of Brooklyn.<ref name="TMPW">"KALEM FILMS...BEN HUR", advertisement, The Moving Picture World (New York, N.Y.), December 7, 1907, p. 649. Internet Archive, San Francisco. Retrieved July 2, 2020.</ref>Template:Efn

While this film is significant for being the first motion-picture adaptation of Wallace's novel, its production also served as a landmark case of copyright infringement by an early American film studio. In 1908 Kalem was successfully sued for representing parts of Wallace's book on screen without obtaining permission from the author's estate. Copies of the film, which survive, are now in the public domain and are readily available for free viewing online in the collections of various digital archives and on streaming services.

Plot

File:Ben Hur (1907).webm
Play a copy of film with an opening introduction.

With an original total running time of just 15 minutes, Kalem's "Roman Spectacle" only highlights some of the principal events described in the novel, although notably excluding Judah Ben-Hur's encounters with Jesus Christ or his presence at Christ's crucifixion. The film company in its advertising in 1907 describes the release being composed of "Sixteen Magnificent Scenes" with intertitles introducing screen presentations such as "Jerusalem Rebels Against Roman Mis-rule", "The Family of Hur", "Ben Hur in Chains to the Galleys", and "Ben Hur and Messala—The Challenge".<ref name="TMPW"/>

A significant portion of the film's latter content is devoted to portraying the story's chariot race. Just four chariots, including those driven by Ben-Hur and Messala, are depicted, with each being drawn by teams of four black horses. Virtually all of the contest's action is implied visually, occurring off-camera, and not shown to viewers of the film.Template:Efn Roman spectators on screen cheer as they pretend to watch the charioteers racing three laps around the track of the Circus Maximus.<ref name="TMPW"/> Only brief footage shows the contestants speeding by the static camera as their vehicles are supposedly completing each of the laps. After Judah wins the race against Messala and the two other competitors, the intertitle "Ben Hur Victor" appears. The film then ends with spectators continuing to cheer; Judah being awarded a laurel wreath by the emperor; and Messala, who was injured during the race, lying on a stretcher and gesturing toward his former friend.

Cast

Production

The production was directed principally by Sidney Olcott with assistance from Frank Oakes Rose, a stage manager with Henry J. Pain's Fireworks Company, an entertainment business at Manhattan Beach in Brooklyn, New York. Filmed outdoors in the October 1907, the project was shot in just four days with the production crew mindful that the region's "fall rains might begin at any time".<ref name="Gauntier2">Gauntier, p. 184.</ref>

The lead actors

File:Ben Hur (1907) - William S Hart.jpg
William S. Hart's casting in the film remains unverified. This image likely relates to promotion of his many performances as Messala in the 1899-1900 Broadway production of Ben Hur.<ref>"The Drama: A Spectacle at the Broadway, 'Ben Hur.' Cast of 'Ben Hur.'", The New York Tribune, November 30, 1899, p. 7. ProQuest Historical Newspapers (Ann Arbor, Michigan); subscription access through The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library.</ref>

Actor William S. Hart, who would later become the silent era's foremost star of "cowboy pictures", allegedly reprised his role as Messala in Kalem's production, having already played the part on stage in the highly successful Broadway production of Ben Hur, which ran for 194 performances between late November 1899 and May 1900.<ref>"Ben Hur", cast, November 29, 1899—May 1900, Internet Broadway Database (IBDB), The Broadway League, Manhattan, New York. Retrieved July 4, 2020.</ref> His participation in this film, however, remains unverified from period records and is therefore suspect as fact. It appears that Hart's well-documented work in the earlier Broadway adaptation of Wallace's novel became erroneously linked to the 1907 short. If Hart were indeed cast in the film, it is surprising that Kalem in its advertising did not widely promote the presence of an established Broadway actor in the motion picture, especially a veteran of a Ben Hur production in the "legitimate" theatre.

With regard to the identity of the actor who performed in the film's title role, misinformation and confusion also persist in modern sources. Many of those sources cite a professional film actor, "Herman Rottger", as Ben-Hur in Kalem’s production.<ref name="Rottger">The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is one source that cites "Herman Rottger" as Ben Hur in the film. Refer to "Ben Hur (1907)". IMDb, Seattle Washington. Retrieved July 5, 2020.</ref> Actually, only one verified cast member in the 1907 production, one who possessed a nearly identical name—"Herman Rottjer"—was an employee with Pain's Fireworks Company. That entertainment company on summer nights since 1879 had staged for audiences at a "massive outdoor stadium and lake at Manhattan Beach" spectacular pyrotechnic displays to simulate famous battles, revolutions, historic fires, and natural disasters such as the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD and its destruction of the Roman town of Pompeii. In the early 1900s, Pain's live pyrodramas included elaborate sets of Roman architecture and staged chariot races.<ref>Solomon, p. 193.</ref><ref>"Coney Island History: The Story of Pain's Manhattan Beach Fireworks Shows", Luna Park Heart of Coney Island, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2020.</ref>

In Kalem’s large advertisement for Ben Hur in the December 7, 1907 issue of the trade journal The Moving Picture World, the studio credits Rottjer as the "Chief Chariotier" in the film.<ref name="TMPW"/> That credit certainly suggests Rottjer, who was 29 years old at the time, had considerable experience driving Pain's replicas of the two-wheeled ancient vehicles, along with experience performing in Pain's summer Vesuvius-Pompeii shows and in other grand productions staged by the company.Template:Efn His chariot and show experience made him an ideal choice to act or "pantomime" in the role of the lead character in Kalem's short. Although Rottjer would continue to work for Pain's for several years after the film's release, he would later establish a career in the film industry. Federal census records show that in 1910 the German-born Rottjer continued to reside in Brooklyn with his wife and three daughters and was still employed at the local "Firework Plant", presumably Pain's; however, by 1917 he was working as an "explosion expert" in Brooklyn for Vitagraph Studios, which that year purchased Kalem Company.<ref>Schaefer, Fred (1917). "A Reel Battle is Perilously Similar to a Real One", The Photo-Play Journal, July 1917, p. 26. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 4, 2020. In this article, Rottjer is described as "heavy-set". While that physical description is no proof that Rottjer portrays Judah Ben-Hur in the film, it is noteworthy that the title character on screen appears to be a fairly stout or heavy-set performer.</ref><ref name="Census1910">"Thirteenth Census of the United States: 1910", digital copy of original enumeration page, Borough of Brooklyn, New York, April 16 and 18, 1910. Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.; archives of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (CJCLDS), Salt Lake City, Utah.</ref> Contrary to information given in other sources, Rottjer did not die in 1917.<ref name="Rottger"/> Later census records further document that by 1920 he had moved with his family to Hempstead in Nassau County, New York, but he was still employed in the motion-picture industry as a "Pyrotechnical" specialist.<ref name="Census1920">"Fourteenth Census of the United States: 1920", digital copy of original enumeration page, Town of Hempstead, Nassau County, New York, January 10, 1920. Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.; archives, CJCLDS.</ref>

Filming at Sheepshead Bay Race Track

Although Kalem initially planned to use props and "standing scenery" from Pain's, the studio acquired most of its production needs elsewhere and opted, perhaps due to budget and scheduling constraints, to film the project's chariot race and other scenes at the Sheepshead Bay Race Track, which was located close to Manhattan Beach. The track by October 1907 was closed for the season and was immediately available for Kalem to use.<ref name="Gauntier2"/> The film's credited screenwriter or "scenarist", Gene Gauntier, described the film's setup in her series of autobiographical articles for Woman's Home Companion in 1928:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

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File:Pain's Manhattan Beach Fireworks Show, Brooklyn New York, c. 1903.jpeg
Roman-era sets built by Pain's Fireworks Company at Manhattan Beach, c. 1903; the company where the film's co-director, Frank Oakes Rose, worked as a stage manager (Library of Congress Collection)

To enhance the status of "The Most Superb Motion Picture Spectacle Ever Produced in America", Kalem would later state in its advertisements that the film's costumes were from the wardrobe collection of the Metropolitan Opera House on 39th Street in New York.<ref name="TMPW"/> In reality, the "Elliott's" screenwriter Gauntier identifies as the source for the cast's attire, was Gus Elliott, an "old German" prop and costume supplier, whose business was located at St. Mark's Place in Manhattan.<ref>Solomon, pp. 192-193.</ref>

Chariot race

While Rottjer was credited as the film's "Chief Chariotier" and likely drove Ben-Hur's chariot in the staged race at Sheepshead, the other charioteers were off-duty soldiers of Brooklyn's "3rd Battery" of the National Guard.<ref name="TMPW"/><ref name="Solomon">Solomon, Jon. "The Kalem Ben Hur (1907)", pp. 193-194. The Ancient World in Silent Film edited by Pantelis Michelakis and Maria Wyke. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2013.</ref> Members of that local military unit were well known for their expertise in horsemanship. As a testament to their equestrian abilities, soldiers of Brooklyn's Third Battery in August 1908 would later set a world record for "military endurance" by riding 50 miles from Nanuet, New York to Brooklyn in just six hours, much of the time traveling at night and over mountain roads.<ref name="Solomon"/><ref>"Endurance Records", The World Almanac and Encyclopedia. New York, N.Y.: Press Publishing Company, 1909, p. 204. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 3, 2020.</ref> Pain's Fireworks Company provided the chariots driven by Rottjer and the guardsmen, along with some other props and related gear.<ref name="Solomon"/>

Release and reception

Released on December 7, 1907, the film received positive reviews and comments in publications around the United States. The New York-based trade journal The Moving Picture World announced in its issue that day, "The Kalem Company this week put on the market the Roman spectacular subject, 'Ben Hur'."<ref>"Film Review", The Moving Picture World (TMPW), December 7, 1907, p. 651. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 11, 2020.</ref> In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on February 16, 1908, the city's Gazette Times reported on the presentation of Ben Hur at a new local theater, a showing enhanced by actors on site who performed sound effects and spoke dialog generally synchronized with the footage projected on screen:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

At the new Savoy theater in South Highland avenue, near Center avenue, which was opened yesterday afternoon and last night in an auspicious manner, the same bill that pleased yesterday's large crowds and will be continued until the middle of next week. This repertoire includes a splendid production of "Ben Hur" by means of the motion picture camera, and with all the sound and speech accompaniments necessary for perfect realism.<ref>"Savoy—Motion Picture Drama", The Gazette Times (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), February 16, 1908, p. 25. ProQuest.</ref>{{#if:|

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The Moving Picture World in February 1908 also updated its readers on audience reactions to Kalem's release. "'Ben Hur'", reported the trade journal, "drew such crowds to a theater in Atlanta, Ga., that the police had to aid in clearing the aisles and lobby."<ref>"Pictures That Draw", TMPW, February 1, 1908, p. 76. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 11, 2020.</ref> Later in the month the film-industry publication added, "A Western newspaper in commenting on a local show refers to 'Ben Hur' as 'a wonderfully realistic and pleasing presentation of Lew Wallace's famous story and a triumph of the kinetoscopic art.'"<ref>"Trade Notes", TMPW, February 29, 1908, p. 159. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 11, 2020.</ref>

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File:Advertisement for Kalem 1907 film Ben Hur.jpeg
Advertisement in The Moving Picture World, December 1907

In addition to being the first screen adaptation of Lew Wallace's novel, the production is noteworthy in film history as well for establishing precedent in copyright law in the United States. The motion picture was released nearly three years after Wallace's death, but it was produced by Kalem without the permission of the author's estate. Former Kalem screenwriter Gauntier remarked in her previously cited 1928 autobiography that in the early silent era it was a common practice for studios to ignore copyrights and dismiss any proprietary rights of original authors or creators of intellectual properties.<ref name="Tracy"/>

On March 20, 1908–14 weeks after the release of Ben Hur—the publishing house Harper & Brothers, stage producers Klaw and Erlanger, and the author's estate filed a joint copyright-infringement lawsuit against the Kalem Company as well as against the Kleine Optical Company, which had produced the copies of the film for Kalem's distributors.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The case was initially decided against Kalem, the primary defendant, in May 1908.<ref name="Index1908b">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Three and a half years later, on appeal to the United States Supreme Court, justices in the case Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros. issued their final ruling against the film company.<ref name="Holmes">Template:Cite book</ref> That ruling on November 13, 1911 established the precedent that all motion picture production companies must first secure the film rights of any previously published work still under copyright before commissioning a screenplay based on that work.<ref name="Holmes"/> Ultimately, Kalem was required to pay the plaintiffs $25,000 ($Template:Inflation today) as well as all related court costs for the case.<ref>"Connecticut Cradle of the Movies", The Hartford Daily Courant, December 26, 1926, p. D5; "Kalem's Spectacle First", Los Angeles Times, June 30, 1930, p. 1. ProQuest.</ref> Earlier, in 1908, perhaps seeking to capitalize on the growing publicity of its case against Kalem and the release of the film, Harper & Brothers published the lavishly designed illustrated book The Chariot Race from Ben-Hur by Lew Wallace, which highlights only that event from the novel. Complementing the book's text are color illustrations by Ukrainian artist Sigismond Ivanowski.<ref>The Chariot Race from Ben-Hur by Lew Wallace with color plates by Sigismond Ivanowski. New York City: Harpers & Brothers Publishers, 1908.</ref>

Surviving copies of the film

File:1908 film-supply catalog with prices for the Kalem release Ben Hur.jpeg
Retail prices for copies of Ben Hur in 1908 film-supply catalog

Kalem's losses in copyright litigation and the related court injunctions limiting and then preventing presentations of the company's short, the film "for the most part disappeared".<ref>Solomon, p. 204.</ref> For many years, even the Library of Congress did not possess a full copy of the 1907 release, but that federal institution, the Museum of Modern Art, and other repositories later located and acquired prints. Now in the public domain, additional full and partial copies of Kalem's Ben Hur are available for public viewing on online streaming services such as YouTube.<ref>"Ben Hur - 1907 - Kalem - Sidney Olcott", originally uploaded by "56Demy" May 26, 2013, YouTube (San Bruno, California). Retrieved July 5, 2020.</ref>

Before court-ordered injunctions and the final copyright-infringement rulings against Kalem were effectively enforced, copies of Ben Hur circulated in Europe as well as the United States.<ref>"Ben Hur", advertisement, Der Kinematograph (Düsseldorf, Germany), February 12, 1908, [p. 2]. Internet Archive. Retrieved a July 7, 2020.</ref> Various distributors at the time offered to sell both standard "plain stock" copies as well as hand-colored prints of the 1000-foot reel, which consists of approximately 16,000 individual frames. One American film-supply catalog in 1908 offered black-and-white prints of Ben Hur for $120 ($Template:Inflation USD today). Color versions produced in France, painted by hand in Paris, sold for an additional $150, costing $270 per copy ($Template:Inflation today) or 15 cents more per foot in 1908.<ref>Revised List of High-Class Original Motion Picture Films (1908), sales catalog of unspecified film distributor, printed in the United States, 1908, p. 191. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 7, 2020.</ref> No copies or fragments of the hand-tinted version of the film are currently known to exist.

Notes

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References

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