Benzatropine

Benzatropine (INN),<ref name="INN">Template:Cite journal</ref> known as benztropine in the United States and Japan,<ref name="MedNet">Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> is a medication used to treat movement disorders like parkinsonism and dystonia, as well as extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotics, including akathisia.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> It is not useful for tardive dyskinesia.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> It is a centrally acting anticholinergic and antihistamine, taken by mouth or by injection into a vein or muscle.<ref name="AHFS2019">Template:Cite web</ref> Benefits are seen within two hours and last for up to ten hours.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Common side effects include dry mouth, blurry vision, nausea, and constipation.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Serious side effect may include urinary retention, hallucinations, hyperthermia, and poor coordination.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Benzatropine is an anticholinergic which works by blocking the activity of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.<ref name="AHFS2019" />

Benzatropine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1954.<ref name=AHFS2019/> It is available as a generic medication.<ref name=AHFS2019/> In 2020, it was the 229th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2Template:Nbspmillion prescriptions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is sold under the brand name Cogentin among others.<ref name=AHFS2019/>

Medical uses

Benzatropine is used to reduce extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic treatment. Benzatropine is also a second-line drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It improves tremor, and may alleviate rigidity and bradykinesia.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Benzatropine is also sometimes used for the treatment of dystonia, a rare disorder that causes abnormal muscle contraction, resulting in twisting postures of limbs, trunk, or face.

Adverse effects

These are principally anticholinergic:

• Dry mouth
• Blurred vision
• Cognitive changes
• Drowsiness
• Constipation
• Urinary retention
• Tachycardia
• Anorexia
• Severe delirium and hallucinations (in overdose)

While some studies suggest that use of anticholinergics increases the risk of tardive dyskinesia (a long-term side effect of antipsychotics),<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid11534539">Template:Cite journal</ref> other studies have found no association between anticholinergic exposure and risk of developing tardive dyskinesia,<ref name="pmid9546009">Template:Cite journal</ref> although symptoms may be worsened.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Drugs that decrease cholinergic transmission may impair storage of new information into long-term memory. Anticholinergic agents can also impair time perception.<ref name="pmid2661606">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Antihistamine and anticholinergic activity

Benzatropine is a centrally acting anticholinergic and antihistamine. In terms of its anticholinergic activity, it is specifically an antimuscarinic and acts a selective muscarinic acetylcholine M₁ and M₃ receptor antagonist.<ref name="LakstygalKolesnikovaKhatsko2019">Template:Cite journal</ref> Benzatropine partially blocks cholinergic activity in the basal ganglia. Animal studies have indicated that anticholinergic activity of benzatropine is approximately one-half that of atropine, while its antihistamine activity approaches that of mepyramine. Its anticholinergic effects have been established as therapeutically significant in the management of Parkinsonism. Benzatropine antagonizes the effect of acetylcholine, decreasing the imbalance between the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and dopamine, which may improve the symptoms of early Parkinson's disease.<ref>MIMS Australia Pty Ltd. MIMS.</ref>

Benzatropine has been also identified, by a high throughput screening approach, as a potent differentiating agent for oligodendrocytes, possibly working through M₁ and M₃ muscarinic receptors. In preclinical models for multiple sclerosis, benzatropine decreased clinical symptoms and enhanced re-myelination.<ref name="pmid24107995">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Atypical dopamine reuptake inhibition

In addition to its anticholinergic activity, benztropine has been found to increase the availability of dopamine by blocking its reuptake and storage in central sites, and as a result, increasing dopaminergic activity. Benzatropine and analogues are atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitors,<ref name="pmid24194527 ">Template:Cite journal</ref> which might make them useful for people with akathisia secondary to antipsychotic therapy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Other actions

Benzatropine also acts as a functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase (FIASMA).<ref name="pmid18504571">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Other animals

In veterinary medicine, benzatropine is used to treat priapism in stallions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Naming

Since 1959, benzatropine is the official international nonproprietary name of the medication under the INN scheme, the medication naming system coordinated by the World Health Organization; it is also the British Approved Name (BAN) given in the British Pharmacopoeia,<ref name=INN/><ref name=MedNet/> and has been the official nonproprietary name in Australia since 2015.<ref name=TGA/> Regional variations of the "a" spelling are also used in French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, as well as Latin (all medications are assigned a Latin name by WHO).<ref name=MedNet/>

"Benztropine" is the official United States Adopted Name (USAN), the medication naming system coordinated by the USAN Council, co-sponsored by the American Medical Association (AMA), the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP), and the American Pharmacists Association (APhA). It is also the Japanese Accepted Name (JAN)<ref name=KEGG>Template:KEGG compound</ref> and was used in Australia until 2015, when it was harmonized with the INN.<ref name=TGA>Template:Cite web</ref>

Both names may be modified to account for the methanesulfonate salt as which the medication is formulated: the modified INN (INNm) and BAN (BANM) is benzatropine mesilate, while the modified USAN is benztropine mesylate.<ref name=Martindale>Template:Cite book</ref> The modified JAN is a hybrid form, benztropine mesilate.<ref name=KEGG/>

The misspelling benzotropine is also occasionally seen in the literature.