Bhakti yoga
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Bhakti yoga (Template:Langx), also called Bhakti marga (Template:Lang, literally the path of bhakti), is a spiritual path or spiritual practice within Hinduism focused on loving devotion towards any personal deity.<ref name=karen19>Karen Pechelis (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, Template:ISBN, pages 19-24</ref><ref name="Cutler">Template:Cite book</ref> It is one of the three classical paths in Hinduism which leads to moksha, the other paths being jnana yoga and karma yoga.
The tradition has ancient roots. Bhakti is mentioned in the Shvetashvatara Upanishad where it simply means participation, devotion and love for any endeavor.<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, Template:ISBN, page 326</ref><ref>Max Muller, Shvetashvatara Upanishad, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, page 267</ref> Bhakti yoga as one of three spiritual paths for salvation is discussed in depth by the Bhagavad Gita.<ref>John Lochtefeld (2014), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing New York, Template:ISBN, pages 98-100, also see articles on bhaktimārga and jnanamārga</ref><ref name="Klostermaier">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Karen Pechelis (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, Template:ISBN, pages 14-15, 37-38</ref>
The personal god varies with the devotee.<ref name=encyclopediabrit>Bhakti, Encyclopedia Britannica (2009)</ref><ref name=karen>Karen Pechelis (2011), Bhakti Traditions, in The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies (Editors: Jessica Frazier, Gavin Flood), Bloomsbury, Template:ISBN, pages 107-121</ref> It may include a god or goddess such as Krishna, Radha, Rama, Sita, Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti, Lakshmi, Saraswati, Ganesha, Parvati, Durga, and Surya among others.
The bhakti marga involving these deities grew with the bhakti movement, starting about the mid-1st millennium CE, from Tamil Nadu in South India. The movement was led by the Saiva Nayanars<ref name="Embree">Template:Cite book</ref> and the Vaisnava Alvars. Their ideas and practices inspired bhakti poetry and devotion throughout India over the 12th-18th century CE.<ref name="Flood">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Embree" /> Bhakti marga is a part of the religious practice in Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism.<ref name="Rinehart">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Brannigan2010p18" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Philosophy
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The Sanskrit word bhakti is derived from the root bhaj, which means "divide, share, partake, participate, to belong to".<ref name="Cutler" /><ref name="Prentiss">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Werner">Template:Cite book</ref> The word also means "attachment, devotion to, fondness for, homage, faith or love, worship, piety to something as a spiritual, religious principle or means of salvation".<ref name=monier>See Monier-Williams, Sanskrit Dictionary, 1899.</ref>
The term yoga literally means "union, yoke", and in this context connotes a path or practice for "salvation, liberation".<ref name="Brannigan2010p18" /> The yoga referred to here is the "joining together, union" of one's Atman (true self) with the concept of Supreme Brahman (true Reality).<ref name="Brannigan2010p18" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
According to Samrat Kumar, bhakti yoga is an Indian tradition of "divine love mysticism", a spiritual path "synonymous for an intimate understanding of oneness and harmony of the eternal individual with the Divine (the universal Being) and all creatures, a constant delight".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to Yoga Journal, yoga scholar David Frawley writes in his book that bhakti yoga "consists of concentrating one's mind, emotions, and senses on the Divine."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Bhagavad Gita
Bhakti yoga is one of three yogas taught in Bhagavad Gita.<ref name="Brannigan2010p18" /> Bhakti yoga is a devotee's loving devotion to a personal god as the path for spirituality.<ref name=bishop47 /> The other two paths are jnana yoga and karma yoga. Jnana yoga is the path of wisdom where the individual pursues knowledge and introspective self-understanding as spiritual practice, and karma yoga is the path of virtuous action (karma) where one acts without expecting rewards or consequences, also known as nishkama karma.<ref name="Brannigan2010p18">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=bishop47>Template:Cite book</ref> Later, new movements within Hinduism added raja yoga as the fourth spiritual path, but this is not universally accepted as distinct to other three.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Srimad Bhagavatam (Bhagavata Purana)
The Bhagavata Purana is a popular and influential text in the Vaishnavism traditions. It discusses Ishvara pranidhana (devotion to a personal god).<ref name="Bryant2017" /> The Sanskrit text presents various modes of bhakti specifically to incarnations of Vishnu, particularly in terms of "Narayana, Krishna". According to Edwin Bryant, and other scholars,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the Bhakti yoga taught in this text is inspired by Yoga Sutras of Patanjali and Bhagavad Gita, and they focus on "the ultimate truths of the individual self and its loving relationship with a personal god".<ref name="Bryant2017" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The presentation in the Bhagavata Purana is not in abstract terms, but through "charming and delightful tales that capture the heart and mind", the goal of Bhakti yoga, states Bryant.<ref name="Bryant2017">Template:Cite book</ref>
The Uddhava Gita, which is the eleventh book of the Bhagavata Purana, discusses bhakti through a dialogue between Lord Krishna and Uddhava, his devotee. This text highlights the pure devotion and bhakti that the gopis of Vrindavan had for Lord Krishna.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Traditions
Template:Main Hinduism, in its scriptures such as Bhagavad Gita (chapter 7), recognizes four kinds of devotees who practice Bhakti yoga.<ref name=grimes84 /><ref name="Malpan1992p147">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Hawley2011p71">Template:Cite book</ref> Some practice it because they are hard pressed or stressed by anxiety or their life's circumstances and see Bhakti yoga as a form of relief. The second type practice Bhakti yoga to learn about god out of curiosity and intellectual intrigue. The third type seek rewards in this or in afterlife through their Bhakti yoga. The fourth are those who love god driven by pure love, knowing and seeking nothing beyond that experience of love union.<ref name=grimes84>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Malpan1992p147" />
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According to these Hindu texts, the highest spiritual level is the fourth, those who are devoted because of their knowledge of love.<ref name="Hawley2011p71" /><ref name="Chapple2009p334">Template:Cite book</ref> The Bhagavad Gita states that all four types of Bhakti yogi are noble because their pursuit of Bhakti yoga sooner or later starts the journey on the path of spirituality, it keeps one away from negativity and evil karma, it causes spiritual transformation towards the goal of Bhakti yoga, to "know god as the essence within themselves and their true self always with god".<ref name="Hawley2011p71" /><ref name="Chapple2009p334" /><ref name="Malpan1992p147" />
Major traditions include the Shaiva who worship the god Shiva; the Vaishnava who worship the god Vishnu (or his avatars such as Krishna and Rama); and the Shakta who worship the goddess Shakti (or her avatars such as Durga, Kali, Lakshmi, and Parvati). These are all considered manifestations or aspects of the same metaphysical reality called Brahman in Hinduism.<ref name="Cutler" /><ref name="Phillips2009p148">Template:Cite book</ref>
Panchayatana puja
Template:Main Panchayatana puja is a form of bhakti found in the Smarta tradition of Hinduism.<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60">Template:Cite book</ref> It consists of the simultaneous worship of multiple deities: Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti, Surya and an Ishta Devata such as Ganesha or Skanda or any personal god of devotee's preference.<ref name="Harle1994p141">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Flood1996p17">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Philosophically, the Smarta tradition emphasizes that all images (murti) are icons of saguna Brahman, a means to thinking about the abstract Ultimate Reality called nirguna Brahman. The five or six icons are seen by Smartas as multiple representations of the one Saguna Brahman (i.e., a personal God with form), rather than as distinct beings. The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons, then follow a philosophical and meditative path to understanding the oneness of Atman (soul, self) and Brahman – as "That art Thou".<ref name="Harle1994p141" /><ref name="lexicon">The Four Denominations of Hinduism, Basics of Hinduism, Kauai Hindu Monastery</ref>
Saiva Siddhanta
The Śaivasiddhānta tradition favors Bhakti yoga, emphasizing loving devotion to Shiva.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Its theology presents three universal realities: the pashu (individual soul), the pati (lord, Shiva), and the pasha (soul's bondage) through ignorance, karma and maya. The tradition teaches ethical living, service to the community and through one's work, loving worship, yoga practice and discipline, continuous learning and self-knowledge as means for liberating the individual soul from bondage.<ref name=britshaivasiddhanta>Shaiva Siddhanta, Encyclopedia Britannica (2014)</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The historic Shaiva Siddhanta literature is an enormous body of texts.Template:Sfn The Shaiva Siddhanta practices have focussed on abstract ideas of spirituality,Template:Sfn worship and loving devotion to Shiva as SadaShiva, and taught the authority of the Vedas and Shaiva Agamas.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Shakti Bhakti
Bhakti toward the goddess is another significant tradition, one found in Shaktism.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The theology of oneness and unity of "the divine Goddess and the devotee", their eternal fearless love for each other is a theme found in Devi Gita, a text embedded inside the Devi-Bhagavata Purana. The specific Bhakti yoga practices amongst Shakta are similar to those in other traditions of Hinduism.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="McDaniel2004p11">Template:Cite book</ref> The Shakta devotion is common in eastern states of India, particularly West Bengal. The personal god here varies, and includes Durga, Tara Ma (Buddhist influence), Kali and to a lesser extent Saraswati, Lakshmi, Bharat Mata (land goddess), according to June McDaniel.<ref name="McDaniel2004p11" />
Vaishnava Bhakti
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The Bhakti yoga tradition has been historically most associated with Vaishnavism. The personal god here is Vishnu or one of his avatars. In many regions, the loving devotion is either to Vishnu-Lakshmi (god-goddess) together, or through Lakshmi who is considered the shakti of Vishnu.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The specific avatar varies by the devotee and region, but the most common are Krishna and Rama.<ref name="Phillips2009p148" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>June McDaniel (2012), The Role of Yoga in Some Bengali Bhakti Traditions: Shaktism, Gaudiya Vaisnavism, Baul, and Sahajiya Dharma, Journal of Hindu Studies, Volume 5, Issue 1, pp. 53-74</ref>
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
In the Krishna-oriented traditions of Vaishnavism, the Chaitanya Charitamrita by Krishnadasa Kaviraja interprets the section 7.5.23-24 of Bhagavata Purana to teach nine types of bhakti sadhana, in the words of Prahlada. David Haberman translates them as follows:<ref name="Halberman">Template:Cite book</ref>
(1) śravaṇa ("listening" to the scriptural stories of Krishna and his companions), (2) kīrtana ("praising"; usually refers to ecstatic group singing), (3) smaraṇa ("remembering" or fixing the mind on Vishnu), (4) pāda-sevana (rendering service), (5) arcana (worshiping an image), (6) vandana (paying homage), (7) dāsya (servitude), (8) sākhya (friendship), and (9) ātma-nivedana (complete surrender of the self).
These nine principles of devotional service were incorporated by Rupa Goswami linked to Chaitanya Mahaprabhu as integral to spiritual practice focused on Krishna.<ref name="Halberman" /> The gopis practiced these forms of bhakti when they were separated from Krishna.<ref name="Halberman" />
Rupa Goswami and Jiva Goswami have offered significant commentary on bhakti. Rupa defines bhakti as "Bhakti is said to be service to Krishna, by means of the senses. This service is free of all limitations, dedicated to Him and pure [of self-motive]."Template:Cite quote Jiva aligns closely with this, stating that bhakti is the preeminent path to attaining perfection through service. The ultimate expression of bhakti is service to Krishna.<ref name="Bryant2017" />
In the Bhakti Sandarbha, Jiva Goswami analyzes bhakti yoga by distinguishing between vaidhi bhakti and raganuga bhakti. Vaidhi bhakti represents a regulated form of devotion, where devotion is driven by adherence to scriptural injunctions and traditional practices. Raganuga bhakti represents a more exceptional form of devotion, emerging spontaneously from a natural, innate attraction to Ishvara (God), without relying on formalized practices. Raganuga bhakti, with its exclusive focus on Ishvara, represents the highest yogic attainment in Gaudiya Vaishnavism.
Notable later saints, such as Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati and Jagadguru Kripalu Ji Maharaj, have seconded the core beliefs of Raganuga bhakti and its utility in God realization. It is contrasting to other yogic paths like that described by Patanjali, where mundane desires are seen as obstacles.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Jagadguru Kripalu Ji Maharaj
Jagadguru Kripalu Bhaktiyog Tattvadarshan, the essence of Jagadguru Shri Kripalu Ji Maharaj's spiritual philosophy, posits that the ultimate goal of every living being is the attainment of infinite divine bliss, which resides exclusively in God. Material happiness is merely temporary and inevitably results in misery.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The soul, being an eternal part of God, inherently seeks this bliss. Attaining this supreme goal requires God's grace, which is received through complete surrender (sharanagati). This surrender primarily involves the surrender of the mind and requires detachment from the material world, gained by understanding its fleeting and illusory nature.
His book Prem Ras Siddhant states that while paths of action (karma) and knowledge (gyan) exist, devotion (bhakti) is the essential element and the most direct path to God. As per saints of the Bhakti movement, Bhakti is described as selfless love for God and automatically bestows divine knowledge and detachment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Practical devotion involves exclusive, loving remembrance of God's divine form, names, and pastimes (Roopdhyan Meditation), often practiced while performing worldly duties (karmayoga).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Guidance from a genuine saint (Guru) is crucial for navigating the path, and diligently avoiding bad association (kusanga) is paramount to prevent spiritual downfall.
Meher Baba
A movement led by Meher Baba states that "out of a number of practices which lead to the ultimate goal of humanity – God-Realization – Bhakti Yoga is one of the most important. Almost the whole of humanity is concerned with Bhakti Yoga, which, in simple words, means the art of worship. But it must be understood in all its true aspects, and not merely in a narrow and shallow sense, in which the term is commonly used and interpreted. The profound worship based on the high ideals of philosophy and spirituality, prompted by divine love, doubtless constitutes true Bhakti Yoga".<ref>Baba, Meher: The Path of Love, Sheriar Press, 2000, pp. 57-58.</ref> Pashayan concurs that Bhakti Yogis are found on the mat, delivering pizza, in academia, and in politics and international relations. Where you least expect it, there's a Bhakti Yogi in the room with you whereby common ground can be actualized into productive solutions of today's salient issues, and problems can be resolved.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>