Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park
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Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park, commonly known as Bicentennial Mall, is an urban linear landscaped state park in downtown Nashville, Tennessee.<ref name="tennessean20070713">Template:Cite news</ref> The park is located on Template:Convert north-northwest of the Tennessee State Capitol, and highlights the state's history, geography, culture, and musical heritage. Receiving more than 2.5 million visitors annually, it is the most visited of Tennessee's 60 state parks.<ref name=mainstreet/>
The park is modeled on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., and was first conceptualized in 1989 by former Governor Ned McWherter as part of the planning for the state of Tennessee's bicentennial commemoration. Groundbreaking occurred on June 27, 1994, and the park opened to the public on June 1, 1996, the 200th anniversary of Tennessee's statehood. In 2019, the Tennessee State Museum moved to the northwest corner of the park, followed in 2021, by the Tennessee State Library and Archives, which moved to the northeast corner of the park. The incorporation of these entities into the mall complex fulfilled design ideas that were first conceived during initial planning of the park.
Description
The Template:Convert park is the smallest of Tennessee's state parks. Modeled on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., it features design elements that provide visitors with information on Tennessee's history, natural features, attractions, landmarks, and musical heritage. It incorporates a number of Classical Greek, Baroque, and Beaux-Arts influences.<ref name="APA2"/> The park has its borders defined by Jefferson Street on the north, James Robertson Parkway on the south, 6th Avenue North on the east, and 7th Avenue North on the west.<ref name="APA2"/> It is situated directly north of the hill that contains the Tennessee State Capitol, which is distinctly visible from the park. The Nashville Farmers' Market is to the park's immediate west.<ref name="APA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Tennessee State Museum is located directly west of the park's north end, and the Tennessee State Library and Archives is east of the north end. A number of state office buildings are also located nearby.<ref name=map/>
Features
A railroad trestle that carries a CSX mainline crosses the park between the map plaza and river fountains; the park's visitor center, restrooms, and several picnic tables are located underneath this.<ref name="map">Template:Cite map</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Near each end of the trestle flies a Template:Convert Tennessee Flag, each of which is surrounded by eight Template:Convert state flags. The large flags commemorate the state's bicentennial celebration, and the small flags represent Tennessee's status as the 16th state admitted to the Union.<ref name="TDEC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Both sides of the mall are lined with tulip poplars, Tennessee's state tree, and all trees and shrubs at the park are native to Tennessee.<ref name="tnmagazine">Template:Cite journal</ref> A long tree-lined linear lawn stretches between the amphitheater and the Court of 3 Stars, and features four main walking paths and several memorials.
Directly north of this is the Tennessee Amphitheater, a 2,200-seat terraced amphitheater used for special events.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is patterned off of the Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus.<ref name=trolley/> The northern end of the park features the Court of 3 Stars, a circular plaza made of red, white, and blue granite arranged in the tri-star logo found on the Flag of Tennessee. These stars represent the three Grand Divisions of Tennessee. Surrounding the plaza are 50 columns containing a 95-bell carillon, representing the 95 counties of the state and the state's contribution to the development of American popular music.<ref name="tennessean20070713" /><ref name="TDEC"/> The carillon plays a part of the Tennessee Waltz every fifteen minutes, and the entire song each hour.<ref name=trolley/> A 96th bell housed on Capitol Hill joins in at the top of each hour; the bell is meant to represent the government’s commitment to the people.<ref name=trolley/>
Fountains
Directly north of the map is the Rivers of Tennessee Fountains, which feature 31 geyser-like fountains representing the major rivers and waterways of the state. A large trough represents the Mississippi River, which forms the western border of the state.<ref name="trolley" />
Walkways
The park's two inner walkways make up the Path of Volunteers, which alludes to Tennessee's nickname as "The Volunteer State". Each pathway is Template:Convert long, and was built with 17,000 pavers inscribed with the names of individuals and organizations who provided donations to the park's construction.<ref name="APA" />
The eastern outer path is the Walkway of Counties, which represents the state's geography from east to west. The planters next to the walkway highlight the state's diverse topographical landforms, and feature flora from across the state's respective regions.<ref name="TDEC"/> Accompanying these are granite obelisks which provide descriptions of the state's nine physiographic regions. An obelisk detailing the history of the Tennessee State Capitol is also located along here.<ref name=tnmagazine/>
The western outer path is the Pathway of History, containing a Template:Convert series of walls, which chronicle major events in the state's history with short inscriptions. This pathway is actually divided into two main sections: a shorter section which provides a brief overview of the state's prehistory and precolonial history, beginning one billion years ago, and a shorter one which provides a more detailed history of the state from 1766 to 1996. A break in the wall symbolizes the division amongst the state's residents during the American Civil War. Each decade, from 1766 to 1996, is represented by a large granite pylon; these are also provided for the precolonial section, which read "One Billion Years Ago", "240 Million Years Ago", "10,000 BC", and "1600 AD", respectively.<ref name=tnmagazine/>
Maps
On the southern end of the park is the Tennessee Map Plaza, a Template:Convert wide granite map of the state highlighting its cities, counties, rivers, major highways, and railroads.<ref name="trolley" /> Eight smaller granite maps arranged below it illustrate the state's topography, geology, original inhabitants, musical heritage, and recreational opportunities.<ref name="trolley">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Time capsules
The south end of the Pathway of Volunteers contains both of the Governor's Time Capsules, which were buried during the park's groundbreaking and opening, respectively. They will be opened on June 27, 2094, and on Tennessee's tricentennial, June 1, 2096, respectively.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The lids of each capsule contain brief descriptions of their respective county.
Along the Walkway of Counties are time capsules from each county, arranged from north to south by Grand Division, which will be opened on the state's tricentennial on June 1, 2096.
Monuments and memorials
A number of monuments and memorials are located adjacent to the Pathway of History. The first monument along the wall chronologically is the Statehood Monument, which is located approximately Template:Cvt on top of the approximate location of McNairy Spring, a hydrological sulfur spring that was used by settlers and residents of the area as a main source of water in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref name=Tennessean95/> McNairy Spring, also known as Judges Spring, is named for Judge John McNairy, a territorial and then federal judge who lived in Nashville, Tennessee, and owned the land the park currently resides on during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This monument consists of a fountain representing the spring surrounded by a circular wall which contains sixteen stars. These represent Tennessee's status as the sixteenth state admitted to the Union, and information about Tennessee's statehood is also engraved in the wall.
The Centennial Monument commemorates the Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition of 1897.
There is also a monument to Tennesseans who served in the Civilian Conservation Corps.<ref name="TDEC" />
The World War II Memorial features a plaza that contains ten pillars etched with images and descriptions of the war relevant to the state. The pillars on the east represent events from the European and Mediterranean and Middle Eastern theaters, and the western pillars represent events from the Pacific Theater.<ref name="American Legion">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The memorial also contains a Template:Cvt granite globe suspended by water, and a bench with the names of the seven recipients of the Medal of Honor from Tennessee.<ref name=trolley/> The surface of the plaza contains gold stars honoring the 5,731 Tennesseans who died during the war. A time capsule on the plaza will be opened on November 11, 2045.<ref name="American Legion"/>
History
Site history
Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park is located near the site of the French Link, a natural salt lick which was fed by the McNairy Spring under the mall. French traders under the command of Charles Charleville established a trading post along the French Lick by the same name in 1714, which was the first European settlement in what is now Nashville.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The French Lick and spring attracted settlers from East Tennessee to the region in 1779, who established Fort Nashborough, the namesake of Nashville, along the Cumberland River, and founded the Cumberland Association the following year.<ref>Template:Harvp</ref> The spring continued to be used as one of the city's primary water sources throughout the 19th century, and the area gradually became known as Sulphur Bottoms.<ref name=Tennessean95>Template:Cite news</ref>
As Nashville grew, a number of residences and businesses occupied the site. Between the 1880s and the 1950s, part of the site that was prone to flooding was used as a dump, with many relics from this period found during construction. A brick sewer tunnel was also constructed under the site of the park in 1892. Beginning in the early 20th century, the area fell into disrepair, and became a red light district. By the 1940s, many of the structures on the site were declared substandard and were subsequently demolished as part of an urban renewal project initiated in 1950.<ref name=Tennessean95/>
Park history
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, a building boom resulted in several skyscrapers being constructed around the capitol building.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The view to the north, however, remained unobstructed, and a movement arose to preserve this.<ref name=mainstreet>Template:Cite news</ref> The state began gradually acquiring much of the land north of the capitol in the early 1970s with the intent of eventually constructing a large office complex, necessitated by the growth in the size of the state government.<ref name="Daughtrey1">Template:Cite news</ref> In 1985, Nashville landscape architect Joe Hodgson suggested redeveloping the land north of the state capitol into a public park, which was echoed by John Bridges of Nashville-based Aladdin Industries in 1988.<ref name="APA2"/> On July 19, 1989, then-Governor Ned McWherter suggested that the land to the north of the capitol be converted into a linear green space modeled on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., with the intent of opening to the public for the state's bicentennial.<ref name="Daughtrey1"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On November 7, 1991, the Metropolitan Nashville Council approved a revitalization plan for downtown Nashville, which included the mall.<ref name="APA2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On June 1, 1992, McWherter signed an executive order creating the Tennessee Bicentennial Commission to oversee the planning of the statewide bicentennial celebration.<ref name="Tennessean AP">Template:Cite news</ref> This 23-member panel, which included a number of prominent business leaders, celebrities, and governmental leaders from around the state, began preliminary planning work for the mall on August 12, 1992.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> That month, Tuck Hinton Architects and staff from SSOE Engineers and Ross/Fowler Landscape Architects were hired to develop a master plan for the mall.<ref name="APA2"/><ref name="Hinton">Template:Cite news</ref> This plan was unveiled to the public on June 2, 1993,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and approved by the State Building Commission on July 8, 1993.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The cornerstone for the mall was laid on June 27, 1994, in a ceremony overseen by Governor McWherter.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By October of that year, the project had already gone over budget, and engineers began to recommend reductions to the original plan, which resulted in the carillon being deferred in March 1995.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On April 27, 1996, the time capsules in the Walkway of the Counties were buried in a ceremony.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The park was dedicated on June 1, 1996, by then-Governor Don Sundquist and then-Vice President Al Gore as part of a celebration of Tennessee's 200th anniversary of statehood.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The World War II memorial was dedicated on Veterans Day, November 11, 1997.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On April 18, 1998, the Civilian Conservation Corps monument was dedicated in a ceremony officiated by David B. Roosevelt, a grandson of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.<ref name="TDEC"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Construction on the carillon began in January 1999, and operation began on July 14, 2000.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=carillon>Template:Cite news</ref> The bell on Capitol Hill was dedicated on June 1, 2003.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Tennessee Department of Transportation placed a time capsule on the north end of the park on July 1, 2015, as part of a celebration of the agency's centennial. It will be unearthed on July 1, 2115.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Events
Since its opening, Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park has been the site of numerous events, including festivals, concerts, and community gatherings, and has come to be the most visited state park in Tennessee. Since 2016, the park has been the site of the Nashville's Big Bash New Year's Eve celebration which includes concerts and the ceremonious dropping of a musical note, owing to the city's music industry and nickname of "Music City". Over 200,000 thousand people attend the event each year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Since 2021, Nashville Pride has taken place at the park. Over the years the Nashville Oktoberfest festival has moved into the park. Originally held completely in the Germantown neighborhood northeast of the park, as the celebration has grown, portions of the festival have moved into the park. Parts of the park are routinely rented for music festivals, the longest running of which is the Deep Tropics Festival, which has taken place in August of each year since 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In addition to being the site for events held by third party groups, park staff also hold interpretive and educational programs throughout the year. Since 2004, the mall has hosted the Tennessee History Festival, now called the Tennessee Timeline. This event, which takes place in October, includes reenactors of historical figures and events, and numerous exhibits chronicling the state's history. The event now coincides with the Southern Festival of Books which move to the park in 2023, in order to resume being held in between the Tennessee State Museum and Tennessee State Library and Archives after the two agencies moved to their current locations.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Each year on or around June 1, Tennessee's Statehood Day, the park, along with its neighbors at the Tennessee State Museum and the Tennessee State Library and Archives hold a day of celebration. The days activities including the displaying of the three constitutions of the state of Tennessee, speakers and historical reenactors, and free cupcakes.
Legacy
Over the years, Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park has received multiple awards and recognition. It was ranked by the Nashville Business Journal as the number one tourist attraction in Nashville in 2006.<ref name="BCMsite">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2011, the American Planning Association listed the park as one of the top ten public spaces in the United States.<ref name="APA" />
Gallery
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Railroad trestle at the south end of the park -
One of two groups of Tennessee Flags near the south end of the park -
Central lawn with the Capitol Building in the background. -
Rivers of Tennessee fountains and monument wall
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The Pathway of History
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Civil War monuments on the Pathway of History
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Tennessee World War II Memorial
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The Walkway of the Counties
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Groundbreaking time capsule
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Fountain over the site of McNairy Spring at the Statehood Memorial
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Tennessee Amphitheatre
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Civilian Conservation Corps Monument
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Obelisk detailing the history of the Tennessee State Capitol
See also
Pathway of Volunteers Brick Inscriptions
References
External links
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- Bicentennial Mall website at TNStateParks.com
Template:Nashville landmarks Template:Protected areas of Tennessee