Bloody Sunday (1887)
Template:Short description Template:Other uses of Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox civil conflict
Bloody Sunday was an event which took place in London, England on 13 November 1887, when a crowd of marchers protesting about unemployment and the Irish Coercion Acts, as well as demanding the release of MP William O'Brien, clashed with the Metropolitan Police. The demonstration was organised by the Social Democratic Federation and the Irish National League. Violent clashes took place between the police and demonstrators, many "armed with iron bars, knives, pokers and gas pipes". A contemporary report noted that 400 were arrested and 75 people were badly injured, including many police, two policemen being stabbed and one protester bayonetted.<ref name="smh15th">[1]Template:Dead link Sydney Morning Herald, 15 November 1887, at Trove</ref>
Background
Template:More citations needed section Prime Minister William Gladstone's espousal of the cause of Irish home rule had split the Liberal Party and made it easy for the Conservatives to gain a majority in the House of Commons. The period from 1885 to 1906 was one of Tory dominance, with short intermissions. Coercion Acts were the answer of British governments perturbed by rural unrest in Ireland, and they involved various degrees of suspension of civil rights. Although one purpose of the 13 November demonstration was to protest about the handling of the Irish situation by the Conservative government of Lord Salisbury, it had a much wider context.
The Long Depression, starting in 1873 and lasting almost to the end of the century, created difficult social conditions in Britain—similar to the economic problems that drove rural agitation in Ireland. Falling food prices created rural unemployment, which resulted in both emigration and internal migration. Workers moved to the towns and cities in thousands, eroding employment, wages and working conditions. By November 1887, unemployed workers' demonstrations from the East End of London had been building up for more than two years. There had already been clashes with the police and with the members of upper-class clubs in Pall Mall, adjoining Trafalgar Square. The square was seen symbolically as the point at which the working-class East End met the upper-class West End of London, a focus of class struggle and an obvious flashpoint.
This attracted the attention of the small but growing socialist movement – the Marxists of both the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) and Socialist League, and the reformist socialists of the Fabian Society. Police and government attempts to suppress or divert the demonstrations also brought in the radical wing of the Liberal Party and free speech activists from the National Secular Society.
The working class in British cities contained many people of Irish birth or origin. London, like industrial areas of northern England and western Scotland, had a large Irish working class, concentrated in the East End, where it rubbed shoulders with increasing numbers of Jews from Eastern Europe.<ref>The detailed Charles Booth study of London's population in this period is available online at the London School of Economics</ref>
Demonstration of 13 November 1887
Some 30,000 people, "mostly respectable spectators",<ref name=smh15th/> encircled Trafalgar Square as at least 10,000 protesters marched in from several different directions, led by (among others) Elizabeth Reynolds, John Burns, William Morris, Annie Besant and Robert Cunninghame-Graham, who were primarily leaders of the Social Democratic Federation. Also marching were the Fabian playwright George Bernard Shaw, Eleanor Marx,<ref>Women fighters and revolutionaries – Eleanor Marx www.socialistparty.org.uk</ref> and Charlotte Wilson.
There were approximately 14,000 police officers for 5.5 million Londoners.<ref>http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/pmg/criml.phpTemplate:Dead link</ref> Two thousand police and 400 troops were deployed to halt the demonstration.<ref>"History of the Metropolitan Police" Template:Webarchive, at met.police.uk</ref> Burns and Cunninghame-Graham were arrested and imprisoned for six weeks. Annie Besant, who was a Marxist, Fabian and secularist, spoke at the rally and offered herself for arrest, but the police declined to do so. Of the 400 arrested, 50 were detained in custody.
At some point James Compton Merryweather, head of the firm Merryweather & Sons, and a Conservative supporter, offered to use a 400-gallons-per-minute steam fire engine as a water cannon of the day to clear the rioters from Trafalgar Square. However the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, Sir Charles Warren, declined.<ref>Inquirer and Commercial News, Perth, 28 February 1896, p.9, (quoting an unknown London paper), via Trove, National Library of Australia. </ref>
In the fighting, many protestors were injured by police truncheons and under the hooves of police horses. Police Commissioner Warren had obtained from the army 400 soldiers; the infantry were marched into position with fixed bayonets but were not ordered to engage, and the cavalry were not ordered to draw swords. An Australian newspaper, of conservative political orientation, reported that the wounds received by the protestors were less severe than those of the constables.<ref name=smh15th/>
Aftermath
The following Sunday, 20 November, saw another demonstration and more casualties. According to a report in the partisan Socialist Review, among them was a young clerk named Alfred Linnell,<ref>London, 13 November 1887 Template:Webarchive, Issue 224, Socialist Review, November 1998</ref> who was run down by a police horse, dying in hospital a fortnight later from complications of a shattered thigh.<ref>Killed by the Police South Australian Register (citing the somewhat partisan Pall Mall Gazette), 13 January 1888, at Trove</ref>
The funeral of Linnell on 18 December provided another focus for the unemployed and Irish movements. William Morris, leader of the Socialist League, gave the main speech and "advocated a holy war to prevent London from being turned into a huge prison".<ref>Burial of a Rioter Kerang Times and Swan Hill Gazette, 23 December 1887, at Trove</ref> A smaller but similar event marked the burial of another of those killed, W. B. Curner, which took place in January. The release of those imprisoned was celebrated on 20 February 1888, with a large public meeting. Henry Hyndman, leader of the SDF, violently denounced the Liberal Party and the Radical MPs who were present.
See also
References
Bibliography
- Thompson, E. P. William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary, Merlin Press, London, 1977
- Taylor, Anne. Annie Besant: A Biography, Oxford University Press, 1991 (also US edition 1992) Template:ISBN