Bohemond III of Antioch
Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Infobox royalty Bohemond III of Antioch, also known as Bohemond the Child or the Stammerer (Template:Langx; Template:CircaTemplate:Nbsp1148–1201), was Prince of Antioch from 1163 to 1201. He was the elder son of Constance of Antioch and her first husband, Raymond of Poitiers. Bohemond ascended to the throne after the Antiochene noblemen dethroned his mother with the assistance of the lord of Armenian Cilicia, Thoros II. He fell into captivity in the Battle of Harim in 1164, but the victorious Nur al-Din Zengi, Template:Lang (governor) of Aleppo released him to avoid coming into conflict with the Byzantine Empire. Bohemond went to Constantinople to pay homage to Manuel I Komnenos, who persuaded him to install a Greek Orthodox patriarch in Antioch. The Latin patriarch of Antioch, Aimery of Limoges, placed Antioch under interdict. Bohemond restored Aimery only after the Greek patriarch died during an earthquake in 1170.
Bohemond remained a close ally of the Byzantine Empire. He fought against the new lord of Armenian Cilicia, Mleh, assisting in the restoration of Byzantine rule in the Cilician plain. He also made alliances with the Muslim rulers of Aleppo and Damascus against Saladin, who had begun to unite the Muslim countries along the borders of the crusader states. Since Bohemond repudiated his second wife and married an Antiochene lady, Patriarch Aimery excommunicated him in 1180.
Bohemond forced the Armenian rulers of Cilicia to accept his suzerainty in the late 1180s. He also secured the County of Tripoli for his second son, Bohemond, in 1187. However, Saladin occupied almost the whole Principality of Antioch in the summer of 1188. To preserve the peace with Saladin, Bohemond did not provide military assistance to the crusaders during the Third Crusade. The expansionist policy of King Leo I of Armenia in the 1190s gave rise to a lasting conflict between Antioch and Cilicia. Bohemond was captured in 1194 by Leo, who tried to seize Antioch, but the burghers formed the Commune of Antioch and expelled the Armenian soldiers from the town. Bohemond was released only after he acknowledged Leo's independence.
New conflicts emerged after Bohemond's eldest son, Raymond, died in 1197. Raymond's widow, who was Leo's niece, gave birth to a posthumous son, Raymond-Roupen, but Bohemond's younger son, Bohemond of Tripoli, wanted to secure his succession in Antioch with the assistance of the commune. The elderly Bohemond seems to have supported his son during his last years. The War of the Antiochene Succession began with Bohemond's death and lasted until 1219.
Early life
Bohemond was the elder son of Princess Constance of Antioch and her first husband, Raymond of Poitiers.Template:Sfn He was born around 1148.Template:Sfn Prince Raymond died fighting against Nur al-Din Zengi, Template:Lang (governor) of Aleppo, in the Battle of Inab on 29Template:NbspJune 1149.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Neither Baldwin III of Jerusalem nor the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos could persuade the widowed Constance to take a new husband.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Finally, she chose Raynald of Châtillon, a French knight who had recently settled in Syria.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Raynald ruled the principality as Constance's husband from 1153 until he was captured by Majd al-Din, governor of Aleppo, in late November 1160 or 1161.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Urged by the Antiochene noblemen, Baldwin III proclaimed Bohemond the rightful ruler, charging Aimery of Limoges, Latin Patriarch of Antioch, with the administration of the principality during Bohemond's minority.Template:Sfn However, Constance appealed to Manuel Komnenos, who confirmed her position as the sole ruler of Antioch.Template:Sfn Constance wanted to retain power even after Bohemond reached the age of majority.Template:Sfn However, the Antiochene noblemen rebelled against her with the assistance of Thoros II, Lord of Armenian Cilicia, forcing her to leave Antioch in February 1163.Template:Sfn
Prince of Antioch
First years
Bohemond was installed as prince after his mother was dethroned.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Nur ad-Din laid siege to Krak des Chevaliers in the County of Tripoli in September 1163.Template:Sfn Raymond III of Tripoli appealed to Bohemond for assistance.Template:Sfn Bohemond and Constantine Kalamanos, Byzantine governor of Cilicia, hurried to the castle.Template:Sfn The united Christian armies defeated the besiegers in the Battle of al-Buqaia.Template:Sfn
Amalric of Jerusalem entrusted the government of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to Bohemond before departing for his campaign against EgyptTemplate:Sfn in July 1164.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Taking advantage of Bohemond's absence, Nur ad-Din attacked the fortress at Harenc in the Principality of Antioch (present-day Harem, Syria).Template:Sfn Bohemond, RaymondTemplate:NbspIII of Tripoli, ThorosTemplate:NbspII of Armenian Cilicia, and Constantine Kalamanos joined their forces and marched to Harenc, compelling Nur ad-Din to retreat.Template:Sfn
Reynald of Saint-Valery, Lord of Harenc, tried to convince Bohemond not to pursue the enemy, but Bohemond did not follow his advice.Template:Sfn The armies clashed at the battle of Harim on 10Template:NbspAugust 1164.Template:Sfn Nur ad-Din almost annihilated the Christian army.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Most Christian commanders (including Bohemond) were captured.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Two days later, Harenc fell to Nur ad-Din.Template:Sfn Nur ad-Din took his prisoners to Aleppo.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn His advisors urged Nur ad-Din to proceed to Antioch, but he declined, fearing that an attack on Antioch could provoke Emperor Manuel into annexing the principality.Template:Sfn Amalric of Jerusalem hurried to Antioch to start negotiations with Nur ad-Din.Template:Sfn Before long, Nur ad-Din released Bohemond, along with Thoros II of Cilicia, for a ransom because he regarded them as vassals of the Byzantine emperor.Template:Sfn
Byzantine alliance
Soon after his release, Bohemond visited Emperor Manuel in Constantinople and paid homage to him.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In return for monetary aid, Bohemond agreed to allow Athanasius, the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, to accompany him back to Antioch.Template:Sfn The Latin Patriarch, Aimery, left Antioch and imposed an interdict on the city.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Manuel's cousin, Andronicus Komnenus, who was made Byzantine governor of Cilicia in 1166, often visited Antioch to meet Bohemond's beautiful young sister, Philippa.Template:Sfn Bohemond appealed to Manuel, who dismissed Andronicus, replacing him with Constantine Kalamanos.Template:Sfn
Bohemond granted Apamea to the Knights Hospitaller in 1168.Template:Sfn An earthquake destroyed most towns of northern Syria on 29Template:NbspJune 1170.Template:Sfn The Greek Patriarch, Athanasius, died when the edifice of the Cathedral of St.Template:NbspPeter collapsed on him during the Mass.Template:Sfn Bohemond went to Qosair (present-day Altınözü, Turkey) and persuaded the exiled Latin Patriarch to return to his see.Template:Sfn
Mleh, who had seized Cilicia with Nur ad-Din's help, besieged Bagras, the fortress of the Knights Templars near Antioch, in early 1170.Template:Sfn Bohemond sought assistance from Amalric of Jerusalem, and their united army defeated Mleh, also forcing him to restore the towns of the Cilician plains to the Byzantine Empire.Template:Sfn Bohemond's relationship with Armenian Cilicia remained tense, which prevented him from pursuing an active foreign policy until Mleh was dethroned in 1175.Template:Sfn
Bohemond concluded an alliance with Gumushtekin, Template:Lang of Aleppo, against Saladin, the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt and Syria, in May 1176.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn On Bohemond's demand, Gumushtekin released his Christian prisoners, including Bohemond's stepfather, Raynald of Châtillon.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn To strengthen his alliance with the Byzantine Empire, in 1177 Bohemond married Theodora, who was closely related to Emperor Manuel.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Bohemond met Philip, Count of Flanders, who had come to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in September 1177.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn According to the contemporaneous William of Tyre, many crusaders blamed Bohemond and RaymondTemplate:NbspIII of Tripoli for dissuading Philip from participating in a military campaign against Egypt, preferring instead to take advantage of Philip's presence in their own realms.Template:Sfn Indeed, in December Philip and Bohemond jointly laid siege to Harenc, a fortress of As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, Emir of Damascus, seizing the opportunity following a mutiny of the garrison.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn They lifted the siege soon after As-Salih informed them that Saladin (the common enemy of both As-Salih and Bohemond) had left Egypt for Syria.Template:Sfn As-Salih paid 50,000 dinars and renounced half of the nearby villages in favor of Bohemond.Template:Sfn
Bohemond and Raymond III of Tripoli marched to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in early 1180, according to William of Tyre.Template:Sfn Baldwin IV of Jerusalem feared that the two princes (who were his father's cousins) had come to dethrone him, the symptoms of his leprosy having become "more and more evident" by that time.Template:Sfn Historian Bernard Hamilton, who accepts William of Tyre's narration, says that Bohemond and Raymond came to Jerusalem to choose a husband for Baldwin's sister and heir, Sibylla, wishing to decrease the influence of the king's maternal relatives.Template:Sfn However, Baldwin gave her in marriage to Guy of Lusignan, who was supported by their mother, Agnes of Courtenay.Template:Sfn Sibylla's marriage contributed to the formation of two parties of noblemen.Template:Sfn Bohemond, RaymondTemplate:NbspIII of Tripoli, and the Ibelin brothers became the leaders of the group that opposed Guy of Lusignan.Template:Sfn
Conflicts
+BOAMVNDVS +ANTIOCHIA
Manuel I Komnenos died on 24 September 1180.Template:Sfn Bohemond soon repudiated his wife, Theodora, to marry an Antiochene lady of bad reputation, Sibylla.Template:Sfn Patriarch Aimery accused Bohemond of adultery and excommunicated him.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn After Bohemond confiscated church property, Aimery imposed an interdict on Antioch and fled to his fortress at Qosair.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Bohemond besieged the fortress, but Rainald II Masoir, Lord of Margat, and other noblemen who supported the patriarch rose up against him.Template:Sfn
Baldwin IV sent Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, along with other bishops, and Raynald of Châtillon to Antioch to mediate.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn After preparatory negotiations with the envoys in Latakia, Bohemond and Aimery met in Antioch.Template:Sfn Bohemond agreed to restore confiscated church property and Aimery lifted the interdict, but Bohemond's excommunication remained in force because he refused to return to Theodora.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Peace was not fully restored, and the leaders of the opposition fled to Armenian Cilicia.Template:Sfn
Bohemond made peace with Imad ad-Din Zengi II, the Zengid ruler of Aleppo, in May 1182.Template:Sfn However, Imad ad-Din was forced to surrender Aleppo to Saladin on 11Template:NbspJune 1183.Template:Sfn Fearing an attack on Antioch, Bohemond sold Tarsus to Roupen III, Lord of Armenian Cilicia, to raise funds.Template:Sfn BaldwinTemplate:NbspIV of Jerusalem promised to send 300 knights to Antioch.Template:Sfn Saladin did not invade the principality and signed a peace treaty with Bohemond.Template:Sfn Bohemond attended the assembly that BaldwinTemplate:NbspIV had summoned to discuss the administration of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in autumn 1183.Template:Sfn At the meeting, Guy of Lusignan was dismissed as regent, and his five-year-old stepson, Baldwin, was proclaimed co-ruler.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn A charter shows that Bohemond was in Acre in April 1185, suggesting that he was present when the leper BaldwinTemplate:NbspIV died around that time.Template:Sfn
Roupen III of Armenian Cilicia laid siege to Lampron, the seat of his rival, Hethum III of Lampron.Template:Sfn Hethum sent envoys to Bohemond, seeking his assistance.Template:Sfn Bohemond invited Roupen to a banquet to Antioch where he had Roupen captured and imprisoned in 1185.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Bohemond invaded Cilicia, but he could not prevent Roupen's brother, Leo, from seizing Lampron.Template:Sfn An Armenian nobleman, Pagouran of Barbaron, mediated a peace treaty.Template:Sfn Roupen agreed to pay a ransom and to renounce Sarventikar, Tall Hamdun, Mamistra, and Adana.Template:Sfn He also acknowledged Bohemond's suzerainty.Template:Sfn After the ransom was paid in 1186, Bohemond released Roupen, who soon reconquered the fortresses and towns that he had ceded to Antioch.Template:Sfn
Saladin's triumph
The child Baldwin V of Jerusalem died in late summer 1186.Template:Sfn Raymond of Tripoli and his supporters could not prevent BaldwinTemplate:NbspV's mother, Sibylla, and her husband, Guy of Lusignan, from seizing the throne.Template:Sfn Baldwin of Ibelin, who was the only Jerusalemite baron to refuse to pay homage to Sibylla and Guy after their coronation, moved to Antioch.Template:Sfn Bohemond granted a fief to him.Template:Sfn
Nomad Turkmen bands invaded Cilicia,Template:Sfn forcing the new ruler, Leo, to swear fealty to Bohemond shortly after his ascension in 1186 or 1187.Template:Sfn The Turkmens also broke into the Principality of Antioch, pillaging the lowlands around Latakia and the monasteries in the nearby mountains.Template:Sfn Bohemond was forced to make a truce with Al-Muzaffar Umar, Saladin's governor in Syria, who joined Saladin's invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in May.Template:Sfn Even so, Bohemond sent 50 knights under the command of his elder son, Raymond, to Jerusalem after a Christian army was almost annihilated in the Battle of Cresson.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Turkmens continued their plundering raid until the Antiochene army defeated them and seized their booty.Template:Sfn
Saladin launched a crushing defeat on the Christian army in the Battle of Hattin on 4Template:NbspJuly 1187.Template:Sfn Bohemond's son was one of the few Christian leaders to flee from the battlefield.Template:Sfn Within three months, Saladin captured almost all towns and fortresses of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.Template:Sfn RaymondTemplate:NbspIII of Tripoli, who died before the end of the year, willed the County of Tripoli to Bohemond's elder son and heir, Raymond.Template:Sfn Bohemond sent his younger son and namesake to take control of Tripoli, convinced that one ruler could not defend both Antioch and Tripoli.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn After his son was installed in Tripoli, Bohemond became "the greatest of the Franks and their most extensive ruler",<ref>The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh (The year 584)), p. 353.</ref> according to Ibn Al-Athir.Template:Sfn Bohemond offered to pay homage to William II of Sicily in exchange for military assistance.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Saladin started the invasion of northern Syria on 1Template:NbspJuly 1188.Template:Sfn His troops captured Latakia on 22 or 23Template:NbspJuly, Sahyun six days later, and the fortresses along the Orontes River in August.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn After the Knights Templar surrendered their fortress at Bagras to Saladin on 26Template:NbspSeptember, Bohemond pleaded for a truce, offering the release of his Muslim prisoners.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Saladin granted the truce from 1Template:NbspOctober 1188 to 31Template:NbspMay 1189.Template:Sfn Bohemond managed to retain only his capital and the port of St Symeon.Template:Sfn Saladin stipulated that Antioch was to be surrendered without resistance if no reinforcements came before the end of May 1189.Template:Sfn Bohemond urged the Holy Roman emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, to come to Syria, offering him the suzerainty over Antioch.Template:Sfn
Third crusade
Guy of Lusignan, who had recently been released, came to Antioch in July or August 1188.Template:Sfn Bohemond did not provide him with military assistance, and Guy left for Tripoli.Template:Sfn
Frederick Barbarossa departed from the Holy Roman Empire in May 1189.Template:Sfn The defence of Antioch was a principal aim of his crusade,Template:Sfn but he died unexpectedly near Seleucia in Asia Minor (present-day Silifke in Turkey) on 10Template:NbspJune 1190.Template:Sfn His son Duke Frederick VI of Swabia took over the command of the army, but most crusaders decided to return to Europe.Template:Sfn The remnants of the German crusaders reached Antioch on 21Template:NbspJune 1190.Template:Sfn Bohemond paid homage to Frederick of Swabia.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Barbarossa's body, which had been carried to Antioch, was buried in the cathedral before the duke continued his crusade toward the Holy Land.Template:Sfn
In May 1191 Bohemond sailed to Limassol along with Guy of Lusignan and Leo of Cilicia to meet King Richard I of England, who had arrived to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin.Template:Sfn He once again met Richard during the siege of Acre in summer 1191, but he did not provide military support to the crusaders.Template:Sfn Bohemond's relationship with Leo of Cilicia became tense when Leo captured Bagras and refused to cede it to the Knights Templar.Template:Sfn
After Richard of England left the Holy Land, Bohemond met Saladin in Beirut on 30Template:NbspOctober 1192.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn According to Ibn Al-Athir, Bohemond "did obeisance" and Saladin "bestowed a robe of honour upon him"<ref>The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh (The year 588)), p. 402.</ref> at their meeting.Template:Sfn They signed a ten-year truce that included both Antioch and Tripoli but did not cover Armenian Cilicia even though Leo of Cilicia was Bohemond's vassal.Template:Sfn
Last years
Bohemond's wife, Sibylla, wanted to secure Antioch for her son, William, with the assistance of Leo of Cilicia (whose wife, Isabel, was her niece).Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Leo invited Bohemond and his family to Bagras, saying that he wanted to start negotiations regarding the surrender of the fortress either to Antioch or to the Templars in early 1194.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The meeting was a trap: Bohemond was captured and taken to Leo's capital, Sis.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Bohemond was compelled to surrender Antioch to Leo.Template:Sfn He appointed his marshal, Bartholomew Tirel, to accompany the Armenian troops, which were under the command of Hethoum of Sason, to Antioch.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Antiochene noblemen allowed Leo's soldiers to enter the town, but the mainly Greek and Latin burgers opposed Leo's rule.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn An Armenian soldier's rude remark about Saint Hilary, to whom the royal chapel was dedicated, provoked a riot, forcing the Armenians to withdraw from the town.Template:Sfn The burghers assembled in the cathedral to form a commune under the auspices of Patriarch Aimery.Template:Sfn They declared Bohemond's eldest son, Raymond, regent for his imprisoned father.Template:Sfn Raymond's younger brother, Bohemond, also hurried from Tripoli to Antioch, and the Armenian forces had to return to Cilicia.Template:Sfn
Henry I of Jerusalem came to Antioch to mediate a peace treaty in early 1195.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn After Bohemond renounced his claim to suzerainty over Cilicia and acknowledged Leo's possession of Bagras, Leo released him and his retainers.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Before long, Bohemond's son, Raymond, married Leo's niece and heir, Alice.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Raymond died in early 1197, but his widow gave birth to a posthumous son, Raymond-Roupen.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The elderly Bohemond sent her and her infant son to Cilicia wanting either to secure Antioch for his son by Sibylla, or to guarantee their security.Template:Sfn Bohemond assisted Duke Henry I of Brabant in capturing Beirut in October 1197.Template:Sfn Before long, he decided to besiege Jabala and Latakia, but he had to return to Antioch to meet the papal legate, Conrad of Wittelsbach, the archbishop of Mainz.Template:Sfn The archbishop had come to Antioch to secure Raymond-Roupen's right to succeed Bohemond.Template:Sfn On Conrad's demand, Bohemond summoned the Antiochene noblemen, who swore fealty to his grandson.Template:Sfn
Bohemond of Tripoli regarded himself his father's lawful heir, because he was Bohemond's elder surviving son.Template:Sfn He came to Antioch at the end of 1198 and persuaded the commune to accept his rule.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Before long, the younger Bohemond returned to Tripoli, enabling his father to re-take control of state affairs, suggesting that the elder Bohemond had tacitly supported his son's coup.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn LeoTemplate:NbspI of Cilicia appealed to the Holy See to protect Raymond-Roupen's interest, but the Knights Templar submitted a complaint against him for refusing to restore Bagras to them.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Bohemond died in April 1201.Template:Sfn His son hurried to Antioch to attend his funeral.Template:Sfn The commune proclaimed him prince, but many noblemen who remained loyal to Raymond-Roupen fled to Cilicia.Template:Sfn The ensuing War of the Antiochene Succession lasted for years, until the death of Leo in May 1219.Template:Sfn
Family
Bohemond's first wife, Orgueilleuse of Harenc, was first mentioned in charters issued in 1170, suggesting that Bohemond married her in or before that year.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn She was last mentioned in February or March 1175.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn She was the mother of Bohemond's two eldest sons, Raymond and Bohemond.Template:Sfn
Bohemond's second wife, Theodora (whom the Lignages d'Outremer mentioned as Irene) was a relative of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos.Template:Sfn Historian Charles M. Brand identifies her as the daughter of Manuel's nephew, John Doukas Komnenos.Template:Sfn According to the Lignages d'Outremer, Theodora gave birth to a daughter, Constance, who was not mentioned in other sources.Template:Sfn
William of Tyre described Sibylla, the third wife of Bohemond, as a witch who "practised evil magics" to seduce Bohemond.Template:Sfn Michael the Syrian stated that Sibylla was a whore.Template:Sfn Her sister was the wife of Bohemond's vassal, the lord of Burzey, and Ali ibn al-Athir described this sister as a spy who was "in correspondence with Saladin and exchanged gifts with him."<ref>The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh (The year 584)), p. 352.</ref>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Bohemond and Sibylla's daughter, Alice, became the wife of the wealthy Lord Guy I Embriaco of Gibelet.Template:Sfn William, the son of Bohemond and Sibylla, may have been named for William II of Sicily.Template:Sfn In his fourth marriage, Bohemond married Isabella of Farabel, with whom he had Bohemond of Botron, who married Isabelle, heiress to the Lordship of Botrun.Template:Efn
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Notes
References
Sources
Primary sources
- Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries (Translated by Malcolm Barber and Keith Bate) (2010). Ashgate. Template:ISBN.
- The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh (PartTemplate:Nbsp2: The Years 541-582/1146-1193: The Age of Nur ad-Din and Saladin) (Translated by D.Template:NbspS. Richards) (2007). Ashgate. Template:ISBN.
Secondary sources
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Further reading
External links
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