Bordetella bronchiseptica
Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox
Bordetella bronchiseptica is a small, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Bordetella.<ref name=Mandel_1995>Template:Cite book</ref> It can cause infectious bronchitis in dogs and other animals,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but rarely infects humans.<ref name=Sherris>Template:Cite book</ref> Closely related to B. pertussis<ref name=Barron_1996>Template:Cite book</ref>—the obligate human pathogen that causes pertussis (whooping cough); B. bronchiseptica can persist in the environment for extended periods.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Pathogenesis
Humans are not natural carriers of B. bronchiseptica, which typically infects the respiratory tracts of smaller mammals (cats, dogs, rabbits, etc.).<ref name="Barron_1996" /> People are more likely to be infected by B. pertussis or B. parapertussis. Unlike B. pertussis, B. bronchiseptica is generally resistant to macrolide antibiotics. It is also generally resistant to cephalosporins. Some human cases have been successfully treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones.
B. bronchiseptica does not express pertussis toxin, which is one of the characteristic virulence factors of B. pertussis, but it has the genes to do so, highlighting the close evolutionary relationship between the two species.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Veterinary pathogenesis
In veterinary medicine, B. bronchiseptica leads to a range of pathologies in different hosts. It is a serious disease of dogs, pigs, and rabbits, and has been seen in cats, horses, and seals. A PCR test for the pathogen exists.<ref name=Zoologix>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In pigs, B. bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida act synergistically to cause atrophic rhinitis, a disease resulting in arrested growth and distortion of the turbinates in the nasal terminus (snout).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In dogs, B. bronchiseptica causes acute tracheobronchitis,<ref>Wagener, J. S., R. Sobonya, L. Minnich and L. M. Taussig (1984). Role of canine parainfluenza virus and Bordetella bronchiseptica in kennel cough. Am J Vet Res 45(9): 1862-6.</ref> which typically has a harsh, honking cough. Kennel cough can also be caused by canine adenovirus-2 or canine parainfluenza virus or a combination of pathogens.<ref name="Zoologix" />
In rabbits, B. bronchiseptica is often found in the nasal tract. It is often assumed to cause a nearly asymptomatic infection known as snuffles, but the causative agent for that disease is Pasteurella multocida; B. bronchiseptica often co-infects the nasal passage at the same time.<ref>Burns, E. H., Jr., J. M. Norman, M. D. Hatcher and D. A. Bemis (1993). Fimbriae and determination of host species specificity of Bordetella bronchiseptica. J Clin Microbiol 31(7): 1838-44</ref>
Cats infected with B. bronchiseptica have been seen with tracheobronchitis, conjunctivitis, and rhinitis (upper respiratory tract infection - URI), mandibular lymphadenopathy, and pneumonia. However, URI in cats can also be caused by herpesvirus, calicivirus, Mycoplasma species, or Chlamydia psittaci.<ref name="Zoologix" /> An intranasal vaccine exists for cats.<ref name=Intervet>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Outbreaks
2022 outbreak
In late 2022, together with the H3N2 strain of canine influenza and other respiratory pathogens, Bordetella bronchiseptica experienced a surge in canine infections. This was partially due to increased human travel and reopened offices following the relaxation of COVID-19 pandemic public health measures, leading to large numbers of dogs being placed together in kennels and doggy day care centers. Changing pet ownership behaviors also led to overcrowded animal shelters,after the pandemic.<ref name="2022 outbreak">Template:Cite news</ref>
References
External links
- Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Bordetella bronchiseptica (Public Health Agency of Canada)
- Genetic sequences of the Bordetella bronchiseptica complex (Sanger Institute)
- Type strain of Bordetella bronchiseptica at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase