Boston Corbett

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox military person Thomas H. "Boston" Corbett (January 29, 1832 – disappeared Template:Circa) was an English-born American soldier and milliner who, on April 26, 1865, killed John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of President Abraham Lincoln. He shot and mortally wounded Booth when his regiment surrounded the barn that Booth was hiding in on the Garrett Farm in Port Royal, Virginia. The American media and public largely considered Corbett a hero for his actions.

Known for his devout religious beliefs and eccentric behavior, Corbett was reportedly a good soldier and had been a prisoner of war at Andersonville Prison.

After the Civil War, Corbett drifted around the United States before he was committed to Topeka Asylum for the Insane after being declared insane in 1887. In 1888, he escaped and subsequently disappeared.

Early life and education

Corbett was born in London, England, on January 29, 1832, and immigrated with his family to the US in 1840 when he was seven or eight. The Corbetts moved frequently before settling in Troy, New York.

As a teenager, he began apprenticing as a milliner, a profession Corbett practiced intermittently throughout his life. As a result, he was regularly exposed to the mercury(II) nitrate fumes, used at the time to treat fur in order to produce felt used on hats. Excessive exposure to the compound can lead to hallucinations, psychosis and erethism.<ref name="jameson128">Template:Harvnb</ref> Historians have theorized that the mental issues Corbett exhibited before and after the Civil War were caused by his exposure to mercury(II) nitrate.<ref name = "walker159">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Family and religion

After working as a milliner in Troy, Corbett returned to New York City.<ref name="johnson45">Template:Harvnb</ref> In the early 1850s, Corbett met and married Susan Rebecca, thirteen years his senior. He became an American citizen on June 9, 1855, taking the oath in a Troy courthouse, and the couple then moved to Richmond, Virginia.

Corbett had a hard time finding and keeping work in the Antebellum South in large part because of his vociferous opposition to slavery. The couple decided to return to New York City by ship, but Susan became ill and died at sea on August 18, 1856. In New York her death was recorded and she was laid to rest. Following Susan's death, Corbett moved to Boston. Grief stricken, he became despondent and, according to friends, began drinking heavily.Template:Sfn

He could not hold a job and eventually became homeless.<ref name="jameson128"/><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> After a night of heavy drinking, a street preacher confronted Corbett and persuaded him to join the Methodist Episcopal Church. Reportedly, some evangelical temperance Christians encountered and detained Corbett until he sobered up, undergoing a religious epiphany in the process.Template:Sfn

In 1857, Corbett began working at a hat manufacturer's shop on Washington Street in downtown Boston. He was reported to be a proficient milliner but was known to proselytize frequently and stop work to pray and sing for co-workers who used profanity in his presence. He also began working as a street preacher and would sermonize and distribute religious literature in North Square.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Corbett soon earned a reputation around Boston for being a "local eccentric" and religious fanatic.<ref name="jameson128"/><ref name="walker159"/> By the summer of 1858, Corbett fell in with members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, becoming a proselytizer and street preacher. On July 16, 1858, Corbett, while trying to remain chaste, struggled against sexual urges and began reading the Gospel of Matthew, specifically Matthew 5:29 and Matthew 19:12 .

Years later, a friend recounted Corbett saying "that the Lord directed him, in a vision or in some way, to castrate himself," which he did with a pair of scissors.<ref name="walker159"/> He then ate a meal and attended a prayer meeting before someone was sent for medical treatment.<ref name="Swanson329">Template:Harvnb</ref> Corbett was released on August 15. A friend recorded that "he was very much gratified with the result as his passion was not trouble any more...his object was that he might preach the gospel without being tormented by his passions."Template:Sfn

After being baptized on August 29, Corbett changed his first name from Thomas to Boston, the city of his conversion.<ref name="Harper's Weekly, May 13, 1865">Harper's Weekly, May 13, 1865</ref> He regularly attended meetings at the Fulton and Bromfield Street churches, where his enthusiastic behavior earned him the nickname "The Glory to God man".<ref name="johnson45"/> In an attempt to imitate Jesus, Corbett began to wear his hair very long, but the Union Army forced him to cut it upon enlisting.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Corbett was described as friendly and open, helpful to those he saw in need but also quick to condemn those he thought were out of step with God.Template:Sfn He routinely gathered up drunken sinners from the streets of New York and took them to his room, where he would sober them up, feed them and restore their health. He also tried to help them find work. Corbett routinely spent all his own money and frequently borrowed from friends. When his milliner boss asked him about his lack of decent clothes, Corbett always said he was "doing the Lord's work." His boss later described him as "a good man, for all of his faults were of the head, and not of the heart."Template:Sfn

Military career

Enlistment in the Union Army

A photograph of Corbett in his Union Army uniform.

On April 19, 1861, early in the American Civil War, Corbett, who was anti-slavery,Template:Sfn enlisted as a private in Company I of the Union Army's 12th New York State Militia. His eccentric behavior quickly got him into trouble. He always carried a Bible and regularly read passages aloud, held unauthorized prayer meetings, and argued with his superior officers.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Corbett also castigated them for what he perceived as violations of God's word. He once reprimanded Col. Daniel Butterfield for cursing and taking the Lord's name in vain. Butterfield sent Corbett to the guardhouse for several days for insubordination, yet he refused to apologize.<ref name="Walker 1998 161">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Due to his continued disruptive behavior and refusal to take orders, the Army court-martialed Corbett and sentenced him to be shot. His sentence was eventually reduced and he was discharged in August 1863.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> He re-enlisted later that month in Company L, 16th New York Cavalry Regiment. On February 26, 1864, he was demoted to private as punishment for an unknown incident.Template:Sfn

Andersonville

Despite his religious-oriented eccentricities, Corbett reportedly was a good soldier. On June 24, 1864, after Confederate States Army troops led by John S. Mosby in Culpeper, Virginia had captured a good number of Corbett's comrades, Corbett continued to fire at the enemy from behind a persimmon tree and in a ditch with a seven-shooter repeating rifle. The Confederate Army only succeeded in capturing him on their third attempt after Corbett ran out of ammunition.Template:Sfn

Once he was in custody, a junior officer was so enraged at Corbett's persistence that he leaped from his saddle, knocked the Spencer rifle from Corbett's hand and aimed a pistol at his head. Captain Chapman objected: "Don’t shoot that man! He has a right to defend himself to the last!" Corbett later related to friends that the man who saved his life was Mosby, though this is dubious.Template:Sfn

Corbett was a prisoner of war at Andersonville Prison. A fellow prisoner named William Collins later relayed the following incident that happened while en route to the now infamous prison:

Fellow POW Richard Thatcher described Corbett as having "qualities that challenged my admiration, even more than the heroism he was capable of displaying in the battlefield. He read passages from the Scriptures to me, and spoke words of sound and wholesome advice, from which I began to learn that he was one who had the courage of his convictions."Template:Sfn Corbett, among others, led prayer meetings and patriotic rallies to boost morale, according to John McElroy's eyewitness account in his 1879 memoir Andersonville.<ref name="McElroy1897">Template:Cite book</ref>

Five months later, in November 1864, the prison released Corbett in a prisoner exchange and he was admitted to a military hospital in Annapolis, Maryland, where doctors treated him for scurvy, malnutrition and exposure.<ref name="Walker 1998 161"/> Upon Corbett's return to his company, he was promoted to the rank of sergeant. He later testified for the prosecution in the trial of the commandant of Andersonville Prison, Captain Henry Wirz.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Pursuit and death of John Wilkes Booth

An 1865 wanted poster for John Wilkes Booth, John Surratt, and David Herold.

On April 14, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth. The President died the next day.

On the night Booth shot Lincoln, Good Friday, Corbett's regiment was based around the Potomac in Vienna, Virginia. On Saturday morning they searched for signs of the assassins and learned that Booth was the gunman who had shot the President. Lincoln's funeral included a two-hour procession on Pennsylvania Avenue from the White House to the Capitol Building. Corbett and the rest of the Cavalry joined other regiments leading the hearse, a large wagon drawn by six white horses and draped in black cloth.

Corbett's regiment had barely left the Capitol after the funeral parade when orders caught up with Canadian-born Lt. Edward P. Doherty to pursue a lead about Booth. Corbett requested permission to attend night meetings at McKendree Chapel, and was allowed to lead a prayer over the President's death.

Corbett was among the first to volunteer when, on Monday, April 24, his regiment was sent to capture Booth. Template:Sfn On Wednesday, on April 26, the regiment surrounded Booth and one of his accomplices, David Herold, in a tobacco barn on the Virginia farm of Richard Garrett. Doherty asked Corbett "to deploy the men right and left" to surround the farm.Template:Sfn Corbett and other soldiers arrayed themselves around the barn to prevent the men from escaping. Herold surrendered, but Booth refused, crying out, "I will not be taken alive!".

The regiment set the barn on fire in an attempt to force Booth out into the open, but he remained inside.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Corbett was positioned near a large crack in the barn wall. He requested permission from Doherty to enter the barn alone and try to subdue Booth by himself, reasoning that that if Booth shot him, the other soldiers could overwhelm the assassin before he could reload. Corbett was unaware that Booth had a Spencer carbine and several revolvers.<ref name="Steers2010">Template:Cite book</ref> Doherty denied the request and Corbett moved back to his position.

Lt. Colonel Everton Conger ignited clumps of hay and slipped them in the cracks in the wall near Corbett, hoping to burn out Booth. Booth walked to the flames to assess whether he could extinguish them.Template:Sfn Corbett and others claimed that they saw Booth aim his carbine, seemingly intending to fight his way out, prompting Corbett to shoot Booth through the crack with his Colt revolver, mortally wounding him. Booth screamed in pain and fell to the ground.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

"The killing of Booth, the assassinTemplate:Mdashthe dying murderer drawn from the barn where he had taken refuge, on Garrett's farm, near Port Royal, Va., April 26, 1865" (Frank Leslie's Illustrated News)

The porch of the Garrett farmhouse, where Booth died

Doherty, Conger, and several soldiers rushed into the burning barn and carried Booth out. Assessing his condition, Corbett and others felt a cosmic justice had been served; Booth's entry wound was in the same spot where he'd shot Lincoln.Template:Sfn<ref name="Goodrich 2005 227–228">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The bullet struck Booth in the back of the head behind his left ear and passed through his neck.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn Three of Booth's vertebrae were pierced and his spinal cord was partially severed, leaving him completely paralyzed.<ref name="Goodrich, p. 211">Goodrich, p. 211.</ref><ref name=Smith210>Smith, pp. 210–213.</ref> As Mary Clemmer Ames would later put it, "The balls entered the skull of each at nearly the same spot, but the trifling difference made an immeasurable difference ... Mr. Lincoln was unconscious ... Booth suffered as exquisite agony as if he had been broken on a wheel."<ref name="Clemmer">Clemmer, Mary. Ten Years in Washington: Life and Scenes in the National Capital as a Woman Sees Them. Cincinnati: Queen City Publishing Company, 1874.</ref>

Conger initially thought Booth had shot himself, though Colonel Lafayette C. Baker was certain he had not. Corbett stepped forward and admitted he shot Booth before handing his gun over to Doherty.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> During questioning by Doherty, Baker and Conger, Corbett said he had intended to merely wound Booth in the shoulder, but either his aim slipped or Booth moved when Corbett fired. Initial statements by Doherty and others made no mention of Corbett having violated any orders, nor did they suggest that he would face disciplinary action for shooting Booth.Template:Sfn

According to later sources, when asked why he had violated orders, Corbett replied, "Providence directed me."<ref name="Swanson340">Template:Harvnb</ref> Author Scott Martelle disputes this, noting "his initial statement, and those by Baker, Conger, and Doherty don't mention Providence ... those details came long after the shooting itself, amid the swirl of rumor and conjecture and considerable lobbying over the reward money." Corbett received $1,653.85. His 16th NY Cavalry comrades each received $1,000, Conger $15,000, Doherty $5,250, and Baker $3,750, though the initial amounts for the three officers was far greater.

The soldiers dragged Booth onto the porch of the Garrett farmhouse where he asked for water.Template:Sfn Conger and Baker poured some into his mouth, which he immediately spat out, unable to swallow. Booth asked to be rolled over and turned facedown; Conger rejected the idea. "Then at least turn me on my side," Booth pleaded; the move did not relieve Booth's suffering. Baker said, "He seemed to suffer extreme pain whenever he was moved...and would several times repeat, 'Kill me!'"<ref>Swanson, p. 139.</ref>

At sunrise, Booth remained in agony, and his breathing became more labored and irregular. Unable to move his limbs, he asked a soldier to lift his hands to his face and uttered his last words as he gazed at them: "Useless ... useless." Booth then began gasping for air as his throat continued to swell, and he made a gurgling sound before he died from asphyxia, approximately two to three hours after Corbett shot him.

Doherty told Corbett to ride to neighboring farms to find breakfast for the men. Corbett did so, but first "rode off to a spot when I could be alone and pray, and when I had gone through my usual morning prayer, I asked the Lord in regard to the shooting. At once, I was filled with praise, for I felt a clear consciousness that it was an act of duty in the sight of God." Corbett found supplies for half the men, and they finished their meal before Booth died.Template:Sfn Conger and Corbett rode off to Washington.Template:Sfn

Boston Corbett

Fame

Corbett photographed by Mathew Brady

According to Johnson, Corbett was accompanied by Lt. Doherty to the War Department in Washington, D.C. to meet Secretary Edwin Stanton about Booth's shooting. Edward Steers writes that it was "not against orders. Conger (said)..."They had no orders either to fire or not to fire."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Corbett maintained that he believed Booth had intended to shoot his way out of the barn and that he acted in self-defense. He told Stanton, "...Booth would have killed me if I had not shot first. I think I did right."<ref name="goodrich227">Template:Harvnb</ref> Corbett maintained that he did not intend to kill Booth but merely wanted to inflict a disabling wound, but either his aim slipped or Booth moved at the moment Corbett pulled the trigger.Template:Sfn Stanton paused and then stated, "The rebel is dead. The patriot lives; he has spared the country expense, continued excitement and trouble. Discharge the patriot."<ref name="goodrich227"/>

Martelle says that "no other source mentions such a meeting...Johnson's memoir, which came out a half-century later, is just another part of the lore."Template:Sfn Corbett was greeted by a cheering crowd. As he made his way to Mathew Brady's studio to have his official portrait taken, the crowd followed him, asking for autographs and requesting that he tell them about shooting Booth. Corbett told the crowd:

Corbett testified in the trial of the Lincoln assassination conspirators, testifying on May 17, 1865.<ref name="Steers Jr. 2010 94" />

Corbett was largely considered a hero by the public and press. Initial newspaper reporters described him as a simple and humble man devoted, possibly excessively, to his faith; he had eccentricities but also did his duty well.Template:Sfn One newspaper editor declared that Corbett would "live as one of the World's great avengers."<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> For his part in Booth's capture, Corbett received a portion of the $100,000 reward money, amounting to $1,653.84, Template:Inflation.<ref name="goodrich291">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> His annual salary as a U.S. sergeant was $204, Template:Inflation. Corbett received offers to purchase the gun he used to shoot Booth. He refused, stating, "That is not mine—it belongs to the Government, and I would not sell it for any price."<ref name="basler">Template:Harvnb</ref> Corbett also declined an offer for one of Booth's pistols as he did not want a reminder of shooting Booth.<ref name="basler"/>

Negative responses

Later, newspaper accounts began to offer some criticism of Corbett's actions, that he had acted wilfully and against orders when he shot Booth (no orders were issued on whether Booth should be taken alive).Template:Sfn Richard Garrett, the owner of the farm on which Booth died, and his 12-year-old son Robert said years later that Booth had never reached for his gun.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Steers disputes this, noting that this contradicts original accounts.

Post-war life

Southern sympathizers sent letters threatening to kill Corbett, so he kept a gun nearby at all times to defend himself.Template:Sfn After his discharge from the army in August 1865, Corbett returned to work as a milliner in Boston and frequently attended the Bromfield Street Church. When the hatting business in Boston slowed, Corbett moved to Danbury, Connecticut, to continue his work and also "preached in the country round about." By 1870, he had relocated to Camden, New Jersey, where he was known as a "Methodist lay preacher" while also continuing to be a milliner.<ref name="Boston Corbett">Template:Cite web, CamdenHistory.com</ref>

Corbett's inability to hold a job was attributed to his fanatical behavior. He was routinely fired after continuing his habit of stopping work to pray for his co-workers.<ref name="Frazier 5">Template:Cite news</ref> To earn money, Corbett capitalized on his role as "Lincoln's Avenger".<ref name="Walker 1998 161"/> He gave lectures about the shooting of Booth accompanied by illustrated lantern slides at Sunday schools, women's groups and tent meetings. Corbett was never asked back due to his increasingly erratic behavior and incoherent speeches.<ref name="Frazier 5"/>

R. B. Hoover, a man who later befriended Corbett, recalled that Corbett believed "men who were high in authority at Washington at the time of the assassination" were hounding him. Corbett said the men were angry because he had deprived them of prosecuting and executing John Wilkes Booth themselves. He believed the same men had gotten him fired from various jobs.<ref name="sparks">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Corbett's paranoia was furthered by hate mail he received for killing Booth. He became fearful that "Booth's Avengers" or organizations like the "Secret Order" were planning to seek revenge upon him and took to carrying a pistol with him at all times. As his paranoia increased, Corbett began brandishing his pistol at friends or strangers he deemed suspicious.<ref name="goodrich291"/>

In 1875, while attending the Soldiers' Reunion of the Blue and Gray in Caldwell, Ohio, Corbett got into an argument with several men over the death of John Wilkes Booth. The men questioned if Booth had been killed at all, which enraged Corbett. He then drew his pistol on the men but was removed from the reunion before he could fire it.<ref name="sparks"/> In 1878, Corbett moved to Concordia, Kansas, where he acquired a plot of land through homesteading and constructed a dugout home. He continued working as a preacher and attended revival meetings frequently.<ref name="johnson51">Template:Harvnb</ref> Throughout the rest of his life, he was paranoid that Booth's family or friends would come and kill him, causing him to go insane.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Disappearance

In January 1887, due to his fame as "Lincoln's Avenger", Corbett was appointed assistant doorkeeper of the Kansas House of Representatives in Topeka. On February 15, he became convinced that officers of the House were discriminating against him. He jumped to his feet, brandished a revolver, and began chasing the officers out of the building. No one was hurt, and Corbett was arrested. The following day, a judge declared Corbett insane and sent him to the Topeka Asylum for the Insane. On May 26, 1888, he escaped from the asylum on horseback.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He then rode to Neodesha, Kansas, where he briefly stayed with Richard Thatcher, "an old comrade". When Corbett left, he told Thatcher he was going to Mexico.Template:Efn

Conjecture arose that rather than going to Mexico, Corbett may have settled in a cabin he built in the forests near Hinckley, in Pine County in eastern Minnesota and that he died in the Great Hinckley Fire on September 1, 1894. This conjecture was based on speculation about the name "Thomas Corbett" appearing on the list of dead and a secondhand account by someone who said the fire victim had claimed to be Boston Corbett.<ref name=Herald>Lincoln Herald, Volume 86, Lincoln Memorial University Press., 1984, pp. 152–155</ref><ref name=Kubicek>Kubicek, Earl C, "The Case of the Mad Hatter", Lincoln Herald, Volume 83, Lincoln Memorial University Press, 1981, pp. 708–719</ref> Scott Martelle cited it as "too tenuous a connection to credit".Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

In September 2024, a presentation given to the 36th International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences showed that the man who died in the Hinckley fire was Thomas Gilbert Corbitt, originally from Steuben County, New York, and not Boston Corbett. Proofs included the Civil War "invalid" filing by Thomas G. Corbitt, dated September 19, 1890, in Minnesota and on the same document, the widow's filing on August 9, 1895. Another proof included a newspaper article from the September 24, 1894, edition of the Steuben Farmers Advocate, announcing that Thomas Corbitt, formerly of Thurston, Steuben County, New York, had perished in the Hinckley fire.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Better source needed

Impostors

Several men claimed to be Corbett in the years following his disappearance. A few years after Corbett was last seen in Neodesha, Kansas, a patent medicine salesman in Enid, Oklahoma, filed an application using Corbett's name to receive pension benefits. After an investigation proved that the man was not Boston Corbett, he was imprisoned. In September 1905, a man arrested in Dallas also claimed to be Corbett. He, too, was proven to be an impostor and was sent to prison for perjury and then to the Government Hospital for the Insane.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Legacy

Scott Martelle, who wrote the 2015 biography The Madman and the Assassin: The Strange Life of Boston Corbett, the Man Who Killed John Wilkes Booth, called Corbett "the closest to an average, everyday person...a regular, run-of-the-mill American—albeit a strange one—who did his job as a hatter, and then as a soldier".Template:Sfn

Memorials

In 1958, Boy Scout Troop 31 of Concordia, Kansas, built a roadside monument to Corbett on Key Road. A small sign was also placed to mark the dugout where Corbett had lived.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Portrayals

A fictional version of Corbett appears in the novel Andersonville (1955). Dabbs Greer played a fictitious version of Corbett in the Lawman episode "The Unmasked" (1962), in which Corbett is living under the name "Joe Brockway" as a Wyoming hotel owner, being searched for by two vengeful former Confederate soldiers (although he gives his name as "Bill Corbett"). Corbett is portrayed by William Mark McCullough in the series Manhunt (2024).Template:Efn

See also

• List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
• Lafayette C. Baker
• Everton J. Conger
• Edward P. Doherty
• Henry Rathbone, wounded by Booth during Lincoln's assassination; he was declared insane after killing his wife

References

Sources

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External links

• Boston Corbett: The Man Who Killed John Wilkes Booth - Abraham Lincoln's Assassination, Roger J. Norton webmaster
• Photo on Kansas Memory website