Boutros Ghali

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox officeholder Boutros Ghali (12 May 1846 – 21 February 1910; Template:Langx, Template:Langx; styled Boutros Ghali Bey later Boutros Ghali Pasha) was an Egyptian politician, who served as the Prime Minister of Egypt from 1908 to 1910.

Early life

Boutros Ghali was born on 12 May 1846<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to a Coptic Christian family in Kiman-al-'Arus, a village of Beni Suef, Egypt, in 1846.<ref name=copticencyclopedia>Template:Cite web</ref> His father was Ghali Nayruz, the steward of Prince Mustafa Fadil.<ref name=copticencyclopedia/> Boutros Ghali studied Arabic, Ottoman Turkish, Persian, English, and French.<ref name=copticencyclopedia/>

Career

After graduation, Ghali became a teacher at the patriarchal school.<ref name=copticencyclopedia/> Ghali's public career began in 1875 with his appointment to the post of clerk in the newly constituted Mixed Court by Sharif Pasha.<ref name=seikaly>Template:Cite journal</ref> Next he became the representative of the Egyptian government on the Commission of the Public Debt.<ref name=seikaly/> Ghali began to work in the justice ministry in 1879 and was appointed secretary general of the ministry with the title of Bey. His following post was as first secretary of the council of ministers to which he was appointed in September 1881.<ref name=seikaly/> However, in October 1881 he again began to work in the justice ministry. Upon the request of Mahmoud Sami al-Barudi, Ghali was awarded the rank of Pasha, being the first Coptic recipient of such an honour in Egypt.<ref name=seikaly/> In 1886, he was appointed head of a commission for the selection of Sharia court judges, which was an unusual appointment due to his religious background, leading to protests by Muslims.<ref name=seikaly/>

Ghali's first ministerial portfolio was the minister of finance in 1893.<ref name=bdme>Template:Cite book</ref> Then he was made foreign minister in 1894.<ref name=bdme/>

In 1901 he was decorated as the 650th Grand-Cross of the Royal Military Order of Our Lady of the Concepcion of Vila Viçosa of Portugal. The same year Ghali joined the freemason lodge of Egypt.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

He was appointed prime minister on 8 November 1908, replacing Mustafa Fahmi Pasha in the post.<ref name=wstatemen>Template:Cite web</ref> He also retained the post of foreign minister during his premiership.<ref name=bdme/> Ghali died in office on 21 February 1910 and was replaced by Muhammad Said Pasha.<ref name=wstatemen/>

Death

Bust of Boutros Ghali, Church of SS Peter and Paul (Boutrosiya, Cairo)

Ghali was accused of favouring the British in the Denshawai incident. On 20 February 1910, Ghali was shot by Ibrahim Nassif al-Wardani, a twenty-three-year-old pharmacology graduate,<ref name=reid/> who had just returned from Britain.<ref>The Modern Middle East and North Africa by Aroian and Mitchell</ref> Ghali was leaving the ministry of foreign affairs when Wardani fired five shots, three of which lodged in the premier's body.<ref name=theday10/> Ghali died a day later, on 21 February.<ref name=theday10/>

The assassin, who confessed to the killing of Ghali, had been educated in Lausanne, Paris, and London and was a member of Mustafa Kamil Pasha's Watani Party.<ref name=reid/> His father was a governor and his uncle was a Pasha.<ref name=reid/> Wardani was executed on 28 June 1910.<ref name=theday10>Template:Cite news</ref>

The assassination of Ghali was the first of a series of assassinations that continued until 1915.<ref name=reid>Template:Cite journal</ref> It was also the first public assassination of a senior statesman in Egypt in more than a century.<ref name=reid/>

Family

Ghali had "many sons",<ref name="Goldschmidt93p187"/> the most notable being:

• Yusuf Boutros-Ghali, who was
  • father of Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who was named after his grandfather and served as deputy prime minister of Egypt and as United Nations Secretary-General.,<ref name=serge>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Goldschmidt 1993, pp. 183, 188.</ref>
  • grandfather of Teymour Boutros-Ghali, internet entrepreneur,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and
  • grandfather of Youssef Boutros Ghali, Minister of Finance from 2004 to 2011;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• Wasif Boutrus Pasha Ghali or Wasif Boutrus Ghali Pasha (1878–1958), legislator and diplomat,<ref name="Goldschmidt93p187"/> foreign minister;
• Najib Boutros-Ghali, agriculture minister in 1921;<ref name="Goldschmidt93p187"/>
• Mirrit Boutros-Ghali, writer, businessman, and lawyer.<ref>Goldschmidt 1993, p. 188.</ref>

Boutros Ghali's brother Amin Ghali (1865–1933) was a public prosecutor; Amin's son Ibrahim Amin Ghali was a diplomat who worked to rehabilitate his uncle's reputation.<ref name="Goldschmidt93p187">Goldschmidt 1993, p. 187</ref>

Honors

Egyptian national honors

Ribbon bar	Honor
	Grand Cordon of the Order of Muhammad Ali
	Grand Cordon of the Order of Ismail

Foreign honors

Ribbon bar	Country	Honor
	Ethiopian Empire	Grand Cordon of the Order of Solomon
File:Order of the Osmanie lenta.png	Ottoman Empire	Grand Cordon of the Order of Osmanieh
File:GRE Order Redeemer 2Class.svg	Kingdom of Greece	Grand Commander of the Order of the Redeemer
File:Grande ufficiale OCI Kingdom BAR.svg	Kingdom of Italy	Grand Officier of the Order of the Crown of Italy
File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg	United Kingdom	Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
File:UK Royal Victorian Order honorary member ribbon.svg	United Kingdom	Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order

See also

• Eldon Gorst

References

Sources

• Template:Cite journal