Brașov
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox settlement
Brașov (Template:IPAc-en, Template:IPAc-en,<ref>Template:Cite American Heritage Dictionary</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} (US) and Template:Cite dictionaryTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx, also Brasau; Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx; Transylvanian Saxon: Kruhnen) is a city in Transylvania, Romania and the county seat (i.e. administrative centre) of Brașov County.
According to the 2021 census, with 237,589 inhabitants, Brașov is the 6th most populous city in Romania.<ref name="RPL2021"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The metropolitan area was home to 371,802 residents.<ref name="RPL2021"/>
Brașov is located in the central part of the country, about Template:Convert north of Bucharest and Template:Convert from the Black Sea. It is surrounded by the Southern Carpathians and is part of the historical region of Transylvania.
Historically, the city was the centre of the Burzenland (Template:Langx), once dominated by the Transylvanian Saxons (Template:Langx), and a significant commercial hub on the trade roads between Austria (then Archduchy of Austria, within the Habsburg monarchy, and subsequently Austrian Empire) and Turkey (then Ottoman Empire). It is also where the national anthem of Romania was first sung.
Names
Brassovia, Brassó, Brașov, etc.
According to Dragoș Moldovanu, the name of Brașov came from the name of local river named Bârsa (also pronounced as "Bărsa") that was adopted by Slavs and transformed to Barsa, and later to Barsov, finally to Brasov.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> According to Pál Binder, the current Romanian and the Hungarian name Template:Lang ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) are derived from the Turkic word barasu, meaning "white water" with a Slavic suffix -ov.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Other linguists proposed various etymologies including an Old Slavic anthroponym Brasa.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The first attested mention of this name is Terra Saxonum de Barasu ("Saxon Land of Baras") in a 1252 document issued by Béla IV of Hungary.<ref name="Orbán Balázs 1868" /> According to some historians, Corona was name of the city-fortress while Brassó was referring to the county, while others consider both names may refer to the city and the county as well.Template:Citation needed
Corona, Kronstadt
According to Balázs Orbán, the name CoronaTemplate:Snda Latin word meaning "crown" – is first mentioned in the Catalogus Ninivensis in 1235 AD, stating a monastic quarter existed in the territory of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania (In Hungaria assignata est paternitas Dyocesis Cumanie: Corona).<ref name="Orbán Balázs 1868">Template:Cite book</ref> Pál Binder supposed it is a reference to the St. Catherine's Monastery. Others suggest the name derives from the old coat of arms of the city, as it is symbolized by the German name Kronstadt meaning "Crown City". The two names of the city, Kronstadt and Corona, were used simultaneously in the Middle Ages, along with the Medieval Latin Brassovia.
Stephanopolis, Orașul Stalin
Another historical name used for Brașov is Stephanopolis,<ref>Template:Cite book, Template:URN (html, with alphabetical search index).</ref> from "Stephanos", crown, and "polis", city.
On 22 August 1950, Brașov was renamed Orașul Stalin (lit. Stalin City) after Joseph Stalin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Constantin Ion Parhon, the nominal Head of State at the time, decreed the city be renamed "in honour of the great genius of working humanity, the leader of the Soviet people, the liberator and beloved friend of our people, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin". The city's name reverted to Brașov in 1960.
History
The oldest traces of human activity and settlements in Brașov date back to the Neolithic age (about 9500 BCE). Archaeologists working from the last half of the 19th century discovered continuous traces of human settlements in areas situated in Brașov: Valea Cetății, Pietrele lui Solomon, Șprenghi, Tâmpa, Dealul Melcilor, and Noua. The first three locations show traces of Dacian citadels; Șprenghi Hill housed a Roman-style construction. The last two locations had their names applied to Bronze Age cultures—Schneckenberg ("Hill of the Snails"; Early Bronze Age)Template:Sfn and Noua ("The New"; Late Bronze Age).Template:Sfn
Transylvanian Saxons played a decisive role in Brașov's development and were invited by Hungarian kings to develop towns, build mines, and cultivate the land of Transylvania at different stages between 1141 and 1300. The settlers came primarily from the Rhineland, Flanders, and the Moselle region, with others from Thuringia, Bavaria, Wallonia, and even France.
In 1211, by order of King Andrew II of Hungary, the Teutonic Knights fortified the Burzenland to defend the border of the Kingdom of Hungary. On the site of the village of Brașov, the Teutonic Knights built Kronstadt – 'the City of the Crown'.<ref>Mediaeval Studies, Volumes 17–18, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1955, Toronto, Canada, An annual journal of scholarship, History, Template:ISSN</ref> Although the crusaders were evicted by 1225, the colonists they brought in long ago remained, along with local population in three distinct settlements they founded on the site of Brașov:
- Corona, around the Black Church (Biserica Neagră);
- Martinsberg, west of Cetățuia Hill;
- Bartholomä, on the eastern side of Sprenghi Hill.
Germans living in Brașov were mainly involved in trade and crafts. The location of the city at the intersection of trade routes linking the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe, together with certain tax exemptions, allowed Saxon merchants to obtain considerable wealth and exert a strong political influence. They contributed a great deal to the architectural flavour of the city. Fortifications around the city were erected and continually expanded, with several towers maintained by different craftsmen's guilds, according to the medieval custom. Part of the fortification ensemble was recently restored using UNESCO funds, and other projects are ongoing. At least two entrances to the city, Poarta Ecaterinei (or Katharinentor) and Poarta Șchei (or Waisenhausgässertor), are still in existence. The city centre is marked by the mayor's former office building (Casa Sfatului) and the surrounding square (piața), which includes one of the oldest buildings in Brașov, the Hirscher Haus. Nearby is the "Black Church" (Biserica Neagră), which some claim to be the largest Gothic style church in Southeastern Europe.
In 1689, a great fire destroyed the walled city almost entirely, and its rebuilding lasted several decades.
Besides the German (Saxon) population living in the walled city and in the northern suburbs, Brașov had also a significant Romanian and Bulgarian population (living in the Șchei district), and also some Hungarian population (living in the Blumăna district). The cultural and religious importance of the Romanian church and school in Șchei is underlined by the generous donations received from more than thirty hospodars of Moldavia and Wallachia, as well as that from Elizabeth of Russia. In the 17th and 19th centuries, the Romanians in Șchei campaigned for national, political, and cultural rights, and were supported in their efforts by Romanians from all other provinces, as well as by the local Greek merchant community. In 1838, they established the first Romanian language newspaper Gazeta Transilvaniei and the first Romanian institutions of higher education: Școlile Centrale Greco-Ortodoxe ("The Greek-Orthodox Central Schools", today named after Andrei Șaguna). The Holy Roman Emperor and sovereign of Transylvania Joseph II awarded Romanians citizenship rights for a brief period during the latter decades of the 18th century.
In 1850, the town had 21,782 inhabitants: 8,874 (40.7%) Germans, 8,727 (40%) Romanians, 2,939 (13.4%) Hungarians.<ref name="varga.adatbank.transindex.ro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1910 there were 41,056 inhabitants: 17,831 (43.4%) Hungarians, 11,786 (28.7%) Romanians, 10,841 (26.4%) Germans.<ref name="varga.adatbank.transindex.ro" />
On 29 August 1916, during the First World War, the Romanian Army occupied Brașov. Romanian troops entered the city at around five o'clock p.m. and paraded towards the city square. Romanian rule over the city lasted until early October, when the area was retaken by the Central Powers in the Battle of Brassó (7–9 October 1916).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Romanian mayor installed during the brief Romanian occupation was Gheorghe Baiulescu. His term lasted from 29 August, when the city was occupied by the Romanian Army, until 8 October – the height of the Battle of Brașov. On 9 October, at the end of the battle, the previous mayor Karl Ernst Schnell was reinstated.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the 1 December 1918 Proclamation of the Union of Alba Iulia, adopted by deputies of the Romanians from Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș during the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia declared the union of Transylvania into the Romanian state. Brașov was permanently occupied by Romanian forces on 7 December, as Hungarians gradually withdrew northwards. The King and some Transylvanians suggested that, because of Brașov's central geographical location in the new Romania, it should be considered as the new national capital. Though this did not happen, the inter-war period was a time of flourishing economy and cultural life in general, including the Saxons in Brașov. However, at the end of World War II many ethnic Germans were forcibly deported to the Soviet Union. A majority of them emigrated to West Germany after Romania had become a communist country.
The first Jewish community in Brașov was established in 1828, joining the Neolog association in 1868. Orthodox Jews founded their religious organization in 1877. The Neolog synagogue, seating 800, was built between 1899 and 1905. During the interwar period, the communities had separate institutions, but opened a jointly managed school in 1940. Zionist organizations appeared already in 1920. By 1930, Jews numbered 2594 individuals, or 4% of the total population. In autumn 1940, during the National Legionary State, the antisemitic Iron Guard nationalized all Jewish institutions and seized most shops owned by Jews. In 1941, Jews were drafted for service in forced labour battalions. Those from throughout southern Transylvania were concentrated in Brașov; a further 200 refugees came from Ploiești. In August 1942, 850 Jews between the ages of 18 and 50 were drafted into labour battalions and ordered to work in Brașov, while others were sent to Predeal and Bran. In spring 1943, 250 youths were sent to Suraia camp to build fortifications. By August 1944, the labour battalions were reduced to 250–300 while most of the Jews managed to obtain their freedom. In 1945–1946, the Jewish population increased to 3500.<ref>Shmuel Spector, Geoffrey Wigoder (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust: A–J, p. 182. NYU Press, 2001, Template:ISBN</ref>
Like many other cities in Transylvania, Brașov is also home to a significant ethnic Hungarian minority.
During the communist period, industrial development was vastly accelerated. Under Nicolae Ceaușescu's rule, the city was the site of the 1987 Brașov strike. This was brutally repressed by the authorities and resulted in numerous workers being imprisoned.
Economy
Industrial development in Brașov started in the inter-war period, with one of the largest factories being the aeroplane manufacturing plant (IAR Brașov), which produced the first Romanian fighter planes used during World War II. After signing the armistice with USSR on September 12, 1944, the factory started repairing trucks, and in October 1945 it began manufacturing agricultural tractors. IAR 22 was the first Romanian-made wheeled tractor. In 1948 the company was renamed Uzina Tractorul Brașov known internationally as Universal Tractor Brașov. A big part of the factory was demolished during 2013 and 2014 giving way to buildings, shopping mall and recreation parks. Aircraft manufacturing resumed in 1968 at first under the name ICA and then under its old name of IAR at a new location in nearby Ghimbav.
Industrialization was accelerated in the Communist era, with special emphasis being placed on heavy industry, attracting many workers from other parts of the country. Heavy industry is still abundant, including Roman, which manufactures MAN AG trucks as well as native-designed trucks and coaches. Although the industrial base has been in decline in recent years, Brașov is still a site for manufacturing hydraulic transmissions, auto parts, ball-bearings, construction materials, hand tools, furniture, textiles and shoe-wear. There is also a large brewery. Template:Citation needed
Geography
Braşov is situated in central Romania, Template:Convert northwest of Ploiești.<ref name="Columbia Gazetteer">Template:Cite book</ref> It is at the foot of the Transylvanian Alps.<ref name="Columbia Gazetteer"/>
Climate
Brașov has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb). Template:Weather box
Demographics
Template:Historical populations
Brașov has a total population of 237,589 (2021 census).<ref name="RPL2021"/> Its ethnic composition includes (as of 2011):
- Romanians: 208,019 (91.3%)
- Hungarians: 16,172 (7.1%)
- Germans (Transylvanian Saxons): 1,079 (0.5%)
- Romani people: 916 (0.4%)
- Other ethnicities: 1,037 (0.7%)
In 2005, the Brașov metropolitan area was created. With its surrounding localities, Brașov had 371,802 inhabitants Template:As of.<ref name="RPL2021"/>
Administration
Brașov is administered by a mayor and a local council. The current mayor of Brașov (starting October 21, 2024) is George Scripcaru from the National Liberal Party (PNL).
The Brașov Local Council, elected at the 2024 Romanian local elections, is made up of 27 counselors, with the following party composition:
Education
Primary schools
- 30 Primary Schools
High schools
- Colegiul Național "Andrei Șaguna"
- Colegiul Național "Dr. Ioan Meșotă"
- Colegiul Național de Informatică "Grigore Moisil"
- Colegiul Național "Unirea"
- Colegiul Național Johannes Honterus
- Colegiul Național "Áprily Lajos"
- Liceul "Andrei Mureșanu"
- Colegiul de Științe ale Naturii "Emil Racoviță"
- Liceul "Nicolae Titulescu"
- Liceul Vocațional de Muzica "Tuodr Ciortea"
- Liceul Vocațional de Arte Plastice "Hans Mattis-Teutsch"
- Liceul cu Program Sportiv
- Colegiul de Științe "Grigore Antipa"
- Liceul Teoretic "Constantin Brâncoveanu"
- Seminarul Teologic Liceal Ortodox "Dumitru Stăniloaie"
- Colegiul Tehnic "Astra"
- Colegiul Tehnic "Mircea Cristea"
- Colegiul Tehnic "Iosif Silimon"
- Colegiul Tehnic "Sfinții Voievozi"
- Grupul Școlar de Arte și Meserii
- Colegiul Tehnic "Remus Răduleț"
- Colegiul Tehnic Feroviar
- Grupul Școlar Industrial Auto
- Colegiul Tehnic "Maria Baiulescu"
- Grupul Școlar Industrial de Construcții Montaj
- Colegiul National Economic "Andrei Bârseanu"
- Grupul Școlar Silvic "Dr. Nicolae Rucăreanu"
- Grupul Școlar de Turism și Alimentație Public
- Liceul "FEG"
- Liceul "Europa Unită"
Universities
- Transilvania University of Brașov
- George Barițiu University
- Spiru Haret University
- Christian University Dimitrie Cantemir
- Academia Forțelor Aeriene Henri Coandă
- Fundația Universitară Sfinții Apostoli Petru și Pavel
- Sextil Pușcariu University
- Universitatea Româno-Canadiană
- American Hotel Academy
Transportation
The Brașov local transport network has 44 urban bus and trolleybus lines and 19 metropolitan bus lines. There are also regular bus lines serving Poiana Brașov, a nearby winter resort and part of the city of Brașov. All are operated by RAT Brașov.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Because of its central location, the Brașov railway station is one of the busiest stations in Romania with trains to/from most destinations in the country served by rail.Template:Citation needed
The Brașov-Ghimbav International Airport is an international airport located in nearby Ghimbav, right by the future A3 motorway. It is the first airport to be developed in post-communist Romania, and the 17th commercial airport in the country. The contract for the construction of the main terminal building, with a total area of 11,780 m2 (126,799 sq ft), was awarded to the Romanian contractor Bog'Art Bucharest and was signed on 21 August 2019. Construction works for the passenger terminal started on 17 March 2020 and the first commercial flight took place on June 15, 2023.
CFR announced a feasibility study for the construction of a rail line (8 km) which would connect the airport to the Brașov railway station.
Tourism
With its central location, Brașov is a suitable location from which to explore Romania, and the distances to several tourist destinations (including the Black Sea resorts, the monasteries in northern Moldavia, and the wooden churches of Maramureș) are similar. It is also the largest city in a mountain resorts area. The old city is very well preserved and is best seen by taking the cable-car to the top of Tâmpa Mountain.
Temperatures from May to September fluctuate around Template:Convert. Brașov benefits from a winter tourism season centred on winter sports and other activities. Poiana Brașov is the most popular Romanian ski resort and an important tourist centre preferred by many tourists from other European states.
The city ranks on the second place in terms of tourism arrivals countrywide, after the capital Bucharest.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Sights
- Biserica Neagră ("The Black Church"; Template:Langx), a celebrated Gothic site – the building dates from 1477, when it replaced an older church (demolished around 1385). It acquired the name after being blackened by smoke from the 1689 Great Fire.
- Franciscan Church, Brașov
- Casa Sfatului ("The mayor's former office building"). The administration for Brașov was here for more than 500 years.
- Biserica Sf. Nicolae (St. Nicholas Church), dating back to the 14th century.
- The First Romanian School, a museum with the first Romanian printing press among many other firsts.
- The Rope Street, the narrowest street in Romania.
- Turnul Negru, Old City Watch Tower.
- Turnul Alb, Old City Watch Tower.
- Șchei, the historically Bulgarian but then Romanian neighbourhood outside of the old walled city.
- Catherine's Gate (Template:Langx), the only original city gate to have survived from medieval times.
- Șchei Gate, next to Catherine's Gate, built in 1827.
- Tâmpa, a small mountain in the middle of the city (900m above sea level), a sightseeing spot near the old city centre.
- The "Brașov Citadel Fortress" – Cetățuia Brașovului
- The nearby Bran Castle, attracting many fans of Dracula and often (but incorrectly) said to have been the home of Vlad the Impaler.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=NG2018>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Poiana Brașov, mainly a ski resort but also a sightseeing spot.
- Râșnov Fortress, above the nearby town of Râșnov, is a restored peasant fortress
- Prejmer Fortress (Template:Langx), in the nearby commune of Prejmer (Template:Langx)
- Saint George's Church, Brașov
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Bran Castle (Template:Langx), situated in the immediate vicinity of Brașov -
White Tower with Mount Tâmpa in the background -
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City center seen from Mount Tâmpa -
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Old Town street -
Union Square (Piața Unirii) -
Brașov County Prefecture -
City Hall
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Sport
The city has a long tradition in sports, the first sport associations being established at the end of the 19th century (Target shooting Association, Gymnastics School). The Transylvanian Sports Museum is among the oldest in the country and presents the evolution of consecrated sports in the city. During the communist period, universiades and Daciads were held, where local sportsmen were obliged to participate. Nowadays, the infrastructure of the city allows other sports to be practiced, such as football, rugby, tennis, cycling, handball, gliding, skiing, skating, mountain climbing, paintball, bowling, swimming, target shooting, basketball, martial arts, equestrian, volleyball or gymnastics. Annually, at "Olimpia" sports ground, the "Brașov Challenge Cup" tennis competition is held.
Colțea Brașov was the football champion in 1928, managing a second place in 1927, in its only 10 years of existence (1921–1931). It was succeeded by Brașovia Brașov.
Between 17 and 22 February 2013, the city hosted the 2013 European Youth Winter Olympic Festival.
Template:As of, Brașov is hosting two trail semi-marathons: the Semimaraton Intersport Brașov (held in April) and the Brașov International Marathon (held in April or May).
In November 2013, Brașov submitted their bid for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics. They were up against Lausanne, Switzerland to be awarded the event. In December that year, the city was signed the Youth Olympic Game Candidature Procedure. The host city was to be announced in July 2015,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in which Lausanne was selected.
Local teams
- SR Brașov – football club
- ASC Corona Brașov – football club, women's handball and ice hockey club
- CSU Brașov – basketball team
- CFR Brașov – rugby football club
Sports venues
• Under construction
• Sala Polivalentă (10,059 capacity) – under construction multi-purpose 10,059-seat indoor arena
- Planned
- Brașov Arena (23,000 seats) – planned football stadium on the site of the former Municipal Stadium
- Existing
- Silviu Ploeșteanu Stadium (8,500 seats) – built in 1960 for football, floodlights were installed in 2009
- Dumitru Popescu Colibași Sports Hall (2,300 seats) – built around 1970 for indoor sports: handball, basketball, volleyball, sometimes others
- Brașov Olympic Ice Rink (2,000 capacity: 1,600 seated, 400 standing) – inaugurated on February 18, 2010, used mainly for ice hockey and public skating
- Demolished
- Municipal Stadium (30,000 capacity) – built in 1975, used for 1 May and 23 August parades, rarely used for football matches (demolished in 2008)
- Others
- Paradisul Acvatic – aquatic complex with 40 m long swimming pool and three jumping platform (1 m, 3 m, 5.20 m)
Notable events
- Tess Rally Brașov – The local round in the Romanian Rally Championship
- BRD Brașov Challenger – A tennis tournament, part of the ATP Challenger Tour
- Braşov International Marathon – Marathon – 42 km Course, Half-Marathon – 21 km Course 10,7 km & Team Run + 5,7 km Course
Media
The city of Brașov is home to several local media publications such as Transilvania Express, Monitorul Express, Bună Ziua Brașov or Brașovul Tău.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Also, several local television stations exist, such as RTT, MIX TV and Nova TV.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Twin towns – sister cities
Template:See also Brașov is twinned with:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col
- Template:Flagicon Bijeljina, Republika Srpska / Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Template:Flagicon Cleveland, United States
- Template:Flagicon Győr, Hungary
- Template:Flagicon Holstebro, Denmark
- Template:Flagicon Linz, Austria
- Template:Flagicon Musashino, Japan
- Template:Flagicon Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Template:Flagicon Tampere, Finland
- Template:Flagicon Tours, France
- Template:Flagicon Trikala, Greece
Gallery
Template:PanoramaTemplate:Panorama
See also
Notes
References
- Template:Cite book
- "O istorie a Brașovului" ("A history of Brasov") – Ion Dumitrașcu, Mariana Maximescu, Phoenix, Brașov, 2001
- "Fortificația dacică de la Brașov – Pietrele lui Solomon" ("The Dacian citadel from Brașov – Pietrele lui Solomon"), Fl. Costea, CumidavaXX, Brașov, 1996
- "Săpăturile de salvare de pe dealul Șprenghi" ("The diggings for saving [the archaeological evidences] from Șprenghi Hill" – the hill was a quarry) A. Alexandrescu, N. Constantinescu, București, 1959
- "Die spätneolitischen Ansiedlungen mit bemalter Keramik aus oberem Laufe des Altflusses", J. Teutsch, Mitteilungen der Prehistorischen Komision, I, Wien.
Further reading
External links
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