Bragi Boddason
Template:Icelandic name Template:Short description Template:Infobox writer Bragi Boddason, known as Bragi the Old (Old Norse: Bragi hinn gamli) was a Norwegian skald active in the first half of the 9th century, the earliest known skald from whom verses have survived. Portions of his Ragnarsdrápa are preserved in Snorri Sturluson's Edda.
Life and career
Bragi is known as "the Old" to distinguish him from a 12th-century skald, Bragi Hallsson. He was a member of a prominent family in southwestern Norway;<ref name=Hollander>"Bragi Boddason the Old", in: Lee M. Hollander, The Skalds: A Selection of Their Poems, With Introductions and Notes, The American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1945, repr. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University, 1947, Template:OCLC, p. 25.</ref> according to Landnámabók, he married Lopthœna, the daughter of Erpr lútandi, another skald, and among their descendants was the early 11th-century skald Gunnlaugr ormstunga.<ref name=Finnur-art>Finnur Jónsson, "Om skjaldepoesien og de ældste skjalde (To foredrag)", Arkiv för nordisk filologi 7 (N.S. 2) (1890) 121–55, pp. 141–45 Template:In lang.</ref> Skáldatal lists him as a court poet to three kings, Ragnarr Loðbrók, Eysteinn Beli, and Bjǫrn at haugi,<ref name=Finnur-art/><ref name=Skaldic>Margaret Clunies Ross, "Bragi inn gamli Boddason" in: Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold, eds., Poetry from Treatises on Poetics, Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3, Turnhout: Brepols, 2017, Template:ISBN, p. 26, online at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages, retrieved June 4, 2021.</ref> which has led to his life being dated to the 9th century, usually to the first half of that century.<ref name=Finnur-art/> However, the dating of the reigns of all but King Bjǫrn in Sweden suggest a later date, and some including Guðbrandur Vigfússon have preferred dates of 835–900.<ref name=Lexikon>"Bragi enn gamli Boddason", in: Rudolf Simek and Hermann Pálsson, Lexikon der altnordischen Literatur, Kröners Taschenausgabe 490, Stuttgart: Kröner, 1987, Template:ISBN, pp. 44–45 Template:In lang.</ref><ref>Gudbrand Vigfusson and F. York Powell, Corpus Poeticum Boreale, 2 vols., Volume 2, Oxford: Clarendon (Oxford University), 1883, Template:OCLC, p. 2.</ref> Landnámabók also reports that when visiting Ljúfvina, the wife of king Hjǫrr of Hǫrðaland, he perceived that she had substituted the fair-skinned son of a thrall woman for her dark-skinned twin sons Geirmundr and Hámundr and persuaded her to reinstate her own sons.<ref name=Finnur-book>Finnur Jónsson, Den islandske litteraturs historie: tilligemed den old norske, Copenhagen: Gad, 1907, Template:OCLC, p. 91 Template:In lang.</ref> This story and the story of his confronting a troll-woman, are probably legends.<ref name=Skaldic/>
Bragi has the same name as the god Bragi, which has led some to doubt his historicity, but there are enough mentions of him to attest to his having lived,<ref name=Finnur-book/> so that it is likely he was deified and gave his name to the god.<ref name=Hollander/><ref name=Skaldic/><ref name=Lexikon/><ref>Gabriel Turville-Petre, Origins of Icelandic Literature, Oxford: Clarendon (Oxford University), 1953, Template:OCLC, p. 35.</ref><ref>Among scholars who disagree is Jan de Vries, Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, 2 vols., Grundriß der germanischen Philologie 12, Volume 2, 2nd ed. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1957, repr. (3rd ed.) 1970, p. 273 Template:In lang.</ref> He has been credited with inventing the dróttkvætt meter characteristic of skaldic poetry, possibly under the influence of Irish verse forms,<ref>Turville-Petre, Origins of Icelandic Literature, pp. 35–38.</ref> but although later skalds imitated some of his kennings, the complexity of his verse makes it more probable that earlier poetry representing the development of the tradition has been lost.<ref>Jan de Vries, Altnordische Literaturgeschichte, 2 vols., Volume 1, Grundriß der germanischen Philologie 15, 2nd ed. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1964, Template:OCLC, p. 127 Template:In lang.</ref> On the other hand, conventional features of later dróttkvætt poetry, like hendingar, are still not fully developed in Bragi's poetry.<ref>Males, Mikael 2023, The Dating of Bragi's Poetry. Medioevo Europeo, pp. 63–77.</ref>
Works
In Egils saga, ch. 59, Bragi is said to have composed a poem to "ransom his head" after angering King Bjǫrn; Egill Skallagrímsson is persuaded to follow his example by his friend and Bragi's great-grandson Arinbjǫrn, leading him to compose his Hǫfuðlausn for Erik Bloodax.<ref name=Finnur-art/><ref>Stefán Einarsson, A History of Icelandic Literature, The American-Scandinavian Foundation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1957, Template:OCLC, p. 59.</ref>
Most of his verses that we have preserved appear to be part of his Ragnarsdrápa. This is a shield lay, composed in return for the gift of a decorated shield, according to Snorri from Ragnarr Loðbrók,<ref name=Skaldic/> but many scholars consider it more likely the poem was dedicated to a different Ragnarr.<ref>Turville-Petre, Origins of Icelandic Literature, p. 34.</ref><ref>Vésteinn Ólason, "Old Icelandic Poetry" in: Daisy Neijmann, ed., A History of Icelandic Literature, Histories of Scandinavian Literature 5, The American-Scandinavian Foundation, Lincoln, Nebraska / London: University of Nebraska, 2006, Template:ISBN, pp. 1–64, p. 28.</ref> It appears to have consisted of an introductory verse followed by four sets of four verses, each describing a scene depicted on the shield: two mythological, Gefjon plowing the island of Zealand out of Sweden and Thor fishing for the World Serpent Jǫrmungandr, and two heroic, Hamðir and Sǫrli's attack on King Jǫrmunrekkr, and the never-ending battle between Heðinn and Hǫgni, and presumably a concluding verse.<ref>Hollander, The Skalds, pp. 25–26.</ref> Parts or all of twenty verses survive;<ref>E.O.G Turville-Petre, Scaldic Poetry, Oxford: Clarendon (Oxford University), 1976, Template:ISBN, p. 1.</ref> one verse attributed to Bragi in all but one manuscript of the Edda is probably correctly assigned to Úlfr Uggason's Húsdrápa, which also describes a portrayal of Thor's fishing expedition.<ref>"Úlfr Uggason, Húsdrápa 5" at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages, retrieved June 4, 2021.</ref><ref>Ursula Dronke, ed. and trans., The Poetic Edda, 3 vols. published, Volume 3, Oxford: Oxford University, 2011, Template:ISBN, p. 98 (Úlfr Uggason III).</ref>