Brahmananda Saraswati
Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox Hindu leader Swami Brahmananda Saraswati (IAST: Svāmī Brahmānanda Sarasvatī) (21 December 1871<ref>Birthdate of Shankaracharya Swami Brahmanand Saraswati, Paul Mason. Retrieved 28 November 2011</ref> – 20 May 1953), also known as Guru Dev (meaning "divine teacher"), was the Shankaracharya of the Jyotir Math monastery in India.<ref name="Love and God">Love and God, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Age of Enlightenment Press, 1973 pp.5-9</ref><ref name=Leigh>Template:Cite news</ref> Born into a Saryupareen Brahmin family, he left home at the age of nine in search of a spiritual master. At age fourteen, he became a disciple of Svāmī Kṛṣṇānanda Sarasvatī. At the age of 34, he was initiated into the order of Sannyas and became the Śaṅkarācārya of Jyotir Math in 1941 at age 70, the first person to hold that office in 150 years.<ref name="Real Thing"/><ref name="Indology"/><ref name="Advaita Vedanta"/> His disciples included Swami Shantanand Saraswati, Transcendental Meditation founder Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Svāmī Swarūpānanda Sarasvatī and Swami Karpatri. According to the partisans of Shantānand Saraswati, Brahmānanda made a will five months before his death in 1953, naming Shantānand as his successor.<ref name="Indology">Vidyāśaṅkar Sundareśan (2005) Indology Template:Webarchive The Jyotirmaṭha Śaṅkarācārya Lineage in the 20th Century, retrieved 4 August 2012</ref><ref name="Real Thing p. 71">The Whole Thing the Real Thing, Prem C. Pasricha, Delhi Photo Company, 1977 p. 71</ref>
Honorifics
- His Holiness
- Gurudev (meaning "divine teacher"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>)
- Maharaj
Early life
Rajaram was born into a Mishra community in the village of Surhurpur District Ambedkarnagar, near Ayodhya in Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="Humes"/> He was from a well to do, land owning Brahmin family.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was called Rajaram in his younger days and was also known as Maha Yogiraj.<ref name="Love and God"/> When he was seven, his grandfather died; contemplating this had a profound effect on Rajaram.<ref name=":0" /> At the age of nine, Rajaram left his home unannounced to follow a spiritual path of renunciation, but was soon returned to his parents by a policeman.<ref name="Real Thing">The Whole Thing the Real Thing, Prem C. Pasricha, Delhi Photo Company, 1977</ref> On returning home, he asked his parents for permission to leave home and begin the life of a recluse. His parents wanted him to marry and live the life of a householder and asked their family guru to convince Rajaram to forget his dream of a reclusive life. The family guru, however, was so impressed with Rajaram's advanced state of wisdom and spiritual evolution that he gave up any attempt to change the boy's mind. The parents then also acquiesced and gave their permission for Rajaram to leave. Two days later, Rajaram formally renounced his family life and left his boyhood home in search of solitude in the Himalayas.<ref name="Real Thing"/> Rajaram traveled by foot to the town of Haridwar and then on to Rishikesh, the gateway to the Himalayas. Here he began the search for a suitable guru or spiritual master.<ref name="Real Thing"/> Rajaram met many wise sages, but none of them met his requirements of lifelong celibacy and an intimate knowledge and experience of the Vedas.<ref name="Real Thing"/>
Five years later, at the age of fourteen, in a village in Uttar Kashi, Rajaram found his chosen master and became a disciple of Svāmī Krsnānanda Sarasvatī.<ref name="Real Thing"/><ref name="Love and God"/><ref name="Advaita Vedanta"/> At that time, Rajaram was given the name of Brahma Chaitanya Brahmacari. He then became the favorite disciple in his master's ashram and, according his master's instructions, he retired to a nearby cave and visited his master only once per week.<ref name="Real Thing"/> The story of Rajaram's youthful renunciation is said to echo the life of Shankara, who reportedly began his renunciate life at the age of eight.<ref>Doniger, Wendy, The Hindus, An Alternative History, Oxford University Press, 2010, Template:ISBN, pbk</ref>
Adult life
At the age of twenty five, (the later) Svāmī Brahmānanda Sarasvatī emerged from his cave and permanently rejoined his Master at his ashram.<ref name="Real Thing"/> At the age of 34, he was initiated into the order of "Sannyas" by his master<ref name="Humes"/> at the Hindu celebration called Kumbh Mela.<ref>'The Life & Teachings of 'Guru Dev' Paul Mason</ref> At that time, he was ordained into the ascetic order and given the formal name Svāmī Brahmānanda Sarasvatī, that is, Svāmī Brahmānanda of the Sarasvatī branch of the medieval Dashanami Sampradaya monastic order.<ref name="Real Thing"/> The greater portion of his life had been lived in total seclusion; he is reported to have created a cave in central India where he lived for forty years.<ref name="Russell">Russell, Peter (1976) Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, page pp22-24</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1941, at the age of 70, after repeated requests over a period of twenty years,<ref name="Russell"/> Brahmānanda accepted the position of Jagadguru Shankaracharya (spiritual leader) of Jyotir Math, a position that had been vacant for more than 150 years.<ref name="Real Thing"/><ref name="Indology"/><ref name="Advaita Vedanta"/> His disciple, Swami Karpatri, is reported to have been the person who brought the request for Brahmānanda to take the post<ref name="Swami Rama"/> after a search for a proper candidate was initiated by Dharma Maha Mandal.<ref name="Humes"/> Brahmānanda is reported to have responded to the request by saying: "You want to put a lion to chains who moves about in the jungle freely. But if you so like, I honour your words and am ready to shoulder the responsibilities of the pitha (monastery) management. By shouldering this responsibility, I would be serving the cause for which Adi Śankarācārya stood. I fully dedicate myself for the mission."<ref>'Sadhus of India: The Sociological View' - B.D. Tripathi, Pilgrims Publishing, 2004, p221</ref>
The appointment of Swami Brahmānanda on 1 April 1941<ref name="Humes"/> was made by a group of monks and pandits based in the city of Varanasi,<ref name="Advaita Vedanta">Unknown author (5 May 1999) The Monastic Tradition Advaita Vedanta web page, retrieved 28 August 2012, archived {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}and here Accessed: 2012-08-30</ref> with the endorsement of Svāmī Bhāratī Kṛṣṇa Tīrtha, the Śaṅkarācārya of Purī and Svāmī Candraśekhara Bhāratī the Śaṅkarācārya of Śṛṅgeri.<ref name="Indology"/> As respected supporters of religious institutions, the rulers of the cities of Garhwal, Varanasi and Darbhanga also endorsed Brahmānanda, and their recognition helped overcome opposition from previous claimants to the title. Brahmānanda was also seen as the embodiment of the qualifications mentioned in Vedic texts, and this assisted in his unhindered ascension to the position at the age of 70. He gave more than thirteen years of service.<ref name="Real Thing"/><ref name="Indology"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Śaṅkarācārya Svāmi Brahmānanda Sarasvati was charged with reconstructing the temple and institution at Jyotir Math.<ref name="Real Thing"/> Through the assistance of the local Deputy Commissioner and parties responsible for his nomination, he reclaimed the surrounding land that had been encroached upon by local farmers. Under his leadership, a two-story, 30-room building was constructed to serve as the "Peeth Bhawan" of Jyotir Math. He also supervised the final construction of the Shrine of Purnagiri Devi about 100 yards in front of the new monastery, which "the Darbhanga ruler" had begun just prior to his death.<ref name="Real Thing"/><ref name="Strange Facts">Varma, Dr. Raj R. P. (1980) Self Published, Strange Facts About A Great Saint</ref> Saraswati's leadership was instrumental in re-establishing the Jyotir Math as "an important centre of traditional advaita teaching in northern India".<ref name="Advaita Vedanta"/> He spent most of his time as Śaṅkarācārya traveling around northern India giving lectures in an effort to re-establish the correct understanding of Shankara's teachings.<ref name="Russell"/>
According to Brahmānanda's disciple, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Brahmananda's "devotees felt that the expression 'His Holiness' did not adequately describe this personified Divine Effulgence; and so the new expression 'His Divinity' was used. With such unique adoration of newer and fuller grandeur, transcending the glories of the expression of antiquity, was worshiped the holy name of Guru Deva, the living expression of Upanishadic Reality, the embodiment of the transcendent Divinity,<ref name = Beacon>Mahesh Yogi, Beacon Light of the Himalayas 1955, p. 65.</ref> and Brahmānanda was visited by Rajendra Prasad, the President of India, and the philosopher Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, who succeeded Prasad as President of India.<ref name="Love and God"/><ref name="Real Thing p. 68">The Whole Thing the Real Thing, Prem C. Pasricha, Delhi Photo Company, 1977 p. 68</ref> In 1950, President Radhakrishnan is reported to have addressed His Holiness as "Vedanta Incarnate, the embodiment of truth".<ref name="Love and God"/><ref name="Real Thing p. 68"/>
Śaṅkarācārya Svāmi Brahmānanda Saraswati's disciples included Swami Shantānand Saraswati, TM founder Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Swāmī Swarūpānanda Saraswatī and Swami Karpatri.<ref name="Swami Rama">Rama, Swami (1999) Himalayan Institute, Living With the Himalayan Masters, page 247</ref> Five months before his death in 1953, Brahmananda Saraswati made a will naming his disciple Swami Shantānand Saraswati as his successor as Shankaracharya of the Jyotir Math monastery.<ref name="Indology"/> <ref name="Real Thing p. 71"/><ref name="Advaita Vedanta"/>
Legacy
The swami is said to have been one of those "rare siddhas (accomplished ones) who had the knowledge of Sri Vidya,"<ref name="Swami Rama"/> and who was "modeled" after the great philosopher Adi Shankara.<ref name="Humes">Humes, Cynthia (2005) SUNY Press, Gurus In American pp 57-58</ref> Within a decade of becoming Shankaracharya, he accumulated many thousands of disciples and reinforced the concept of the Jyotir Math monastery as an important centre for Advaita philosophy.<ref name="Humes"/> In 1979, the Federal Courts in Malnak v. Yogi found that TM teachers made multiple offerings and obeisances to a "deified Guru Dev" during the puja ceremony they performed before giving mantras to their students.<ref name= MvYDC>Malnak v Yogi, 440 F.Supp. 1284 (D.N.J.1977)</ref><ref name="malnak">Malnak v. Yogi, 592 F.2d 197, 203 (3rd Cir., 1979) Template:Webarchive To acquire his mantra, a meditator must attend a ceremony called a "puja." Every student who participated in the SCI/TM course was required to attend a puja as part of the course. A puja was performed by the teacher for each student individually; it was conducted off school premises on a Sunday; and the student was required to bring some fruit, flowers and a white handkerchief. During the puja the student stood or sat in front of a table while the teacher sang a chant and made offerings to a deified "Guru Dev." 440 F.Supp. at 1305-08.</ref><ref>Rosenblum, Nancy L., Obligations of Citizenship and Demands of Faith: Religious Accommodation in Pluralist Democracies Princeton University Press (2000) Template:ISBN p. 210</ref> However, it is the teaching of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi that "Individual is cosmic. Individual potential of life is cosmic potential. Individual is divine deep inside. Transcendental experience awakens that divinity in man...It's a human right to live divinity."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2008, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi created a trust fund to support 30,000 Indian Vedic Pandits and named it after Brahmananda Saraswati.<ref>Unknown author (6 February 2008) "His work "complete", Mahesh Yogi passes away at 91", Hindustan Times (New Delhi, India) "In his farewell message on Jan 11, he announced the establishment of the Brahmananda Saraswati Trust, named in honour of his master, the Shankaracharya from 1941-53 of Jyotirmath in the Himalayas. The trust is to support large groups totaling more than 30,000 peace-creating Vedic pandits in perpetuity across India."</ref>
Gurudeva developed a modified practice of meditation, suitable to the householder engaged in the affairs of everyday life. This method was spread globally by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi <ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Gurudeva is referenced in the Beatles' song "Across the Universe" in the words " Jai Guru Deva", after the group spent some time in Mahesh Yogi's ashram in Rishikesh. Though they only stayed there a number of weeks and afterwards expressed misgivings about their teacher, he appears to have made a lasting impression on them, especially on George Harrison. The song was later written by John Lennon and shows influences of the use of hallucinogens.
References
Template:Reflist 21 New book - The Life and Teachings of His Divinity Shri Guru Deva - The Way of the Householder - Dr. A Wenham-Prosser Full account of the Shankaracharya Tradition - and UK Schools misconceptions